A directional wideband microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna has been proposed for the 28 GHz 5G applications. Initially, a conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna has been designed ...thereafter to enhance the performances as well as to tune in the desired operating frequency range (24 GHz-30 GHz) a cutting edge with partial ground plane technique is used. At the intermediate stage, a star-shaped parasitic element has been used for the gain enhancement of the antenna. However, the high gain of the antenna is retained by optimizing the dimensions and position of the cutting edge as well as the ground plane without introducing any parasitic element on the patch which is the simplicity of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna operates at the 28.201 GHz band ranging from 26.984 GHz to 29.551 GHz. It has an average radiation efficiency of 84.5%. As the proposed antenna possesses a smaller size ( \mathbf{20}\times \mathbf{17}\times \mathbf{1.575}\ \mathbf{mm}^{\mathbf{3}} ) and wide bandwidth of 2.567 GHz with a high gain and directivity over the entire operating band, it can be considered as a potential candidate for the 28 GHz millimetre wave (mm-wave) applications.
Jute has more than 100 globally distributed species and is well known for its bast fibre biogenesis as well as its nutritional and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, year-round jute cultivation is ...highly limited due to its photosensitive character. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyse the flowering behaviour of selected cultivated jute species and their wild relatives to support the year-round supply of jute vegetables. A total of eight jute genotypes viz., Merha red, Merha green, Merha pink, Birol red, Birol green, Birol pink, BJRI deshi pat shak-1, and BINA pat shak-1 were examined, with the latter two selected as controls. In most cases, the six wild species had more surviving plants per unit area, better plant height, and more leaves and branches compared with controls. The highest stem base diameter, leaf area, leaf dry weight, and shoot dry weight were recorded in the control species. Days to 1st flowering, days to average flowering, and days to seed maturity were significantly earlier in wild species compared with the controls, indicating the existence of photo-insensitive characters. The desired vegetative and reproductive properties with high heritability and genetic variability can likely be transmitted from wild germplasm to cultivated jute species through crossing to produce a photo-insensitive jute variety.
associated infections are major threats in poultry industry owing to severe economic losses each year. This study was conducted to identify
isolates, to evaluate their antibiotic sensitivity and to ...find out their virulence patterns from infected broilers of Sylhet city in Bangladesh. Using polymerase chain reaction, a total 20 isolates were identified as
from 11 chickens, exhibiting symptoms like colibacillosis and/or diarrhea. All isolates were positive for type-1 fimbrial adhesion (
), followed by putative avian hemolysin (
) in 17 isolates; while none of the isolates was amplified with intimin (
). Among 10 tested antibiotics, 100% of the isolates (n = 20) showed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin and tetra-cycline; but they were 100% sensitive to gentamicin. Organ specific correlations of antibiotic sensitivity were obtained among the isolates through principal component analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The 16S rRNA data of two multi-drug resistant isolates revealed closed clustering with clinical
strains which could be indication of their zoonotic potential. In conclusion, the results depict higher prevalence of
and
genes and drug resistance patterns of
isolates from broilers in Sylhet city of Bangladesh.
Using
Oreochromis niloticus
(L.), commonly known as tilapia, as a model, this study evaluated the exposure of trace metal and their risk assessment on human health. In addition, the status of amino ...acids, fatty acids, vital elements, and their benefits is also studied. Estimating the nutrient composition of fish muscle is necessary to ensure that it meets the requirements for human health, food regulations, and commercial specifications. The species examined contained appreciable concentrations of amino acids, fatty acid content, and minerals, suggesting that the fish species could be a good source of protein, fat, and minerals. Hazardous heavy metals were found to be lower compared to their corresponding maximum tolerable limits. The order of trace metals is Zn (22,709 µg/kg) > Fe (19,878 µg/kg) > Cu (1261 µg /kg) > Mn (1228 µg/kg) > Cr (474 µg/kg) > Ni (152 µg/kg) As (318 µg /kg) > Pb (281 µg/kg) > Co (24 µg /kg) > Cd (13 µg/kg) > Hg (5 µg/kg); a number of health-related indices, including estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI), as well as carcinogenic risk (CR) indices for adult and children, were calculated to evaluate the human health hazard of the heavy metals. The THQ and HI of heavy metals for tilapia are lower than 1, posing a non-carcinogenic threat to human health due to the biomagnifications of these deadly poisonous metals. Principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses delineated the common probabilistic sources of metal contamination origin and significant inter-parameter associations. Although no human health risks for the consumption of tilapia was found, more attention must be paid for the monitoring of
Oreochromis niloticus
before entering the market.
Graphical Abstract
Reverse engineering is a burning issue in Integrated Circuit (IC) design and manufacturing. In the semiconductor industry, it results in a revenue loss of billions of dollars every year. In this ...work, an area efficient, high-performance IC camouflaging technique is proposed at the physical design level to combat the integrated circuit’s reverse engineering. An attacker may not identify various logic gates in the layout due to similar image output. In addition, a dummy or true contact-based technique is implemented for optimum outcomes. A library of gates is proposed that contains the various camouflaged primitive gates developed by a combination of using the metal routing technique along with the dummy contact technique. This work shows the superiority of the proposed technique’s performance matrix with those of existing works regarding resource burden, area, and delay. The proposed library is expected to make open source to help ASIC designers secure IC design and save colossal revenue loss.
Nanomaterials are increasingly being used for crop growth, especially as a new paradigm for plant disease management. Among the other nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) draw a great deal of ...attention because of their unique features and multiple usages. Rapid expansion in nanotechnology and utilization of AgNPs in a large range of areas resulted in the substantial release of these nanoparticles into the soil and water environment, causing concern for the safety of ecosystems and phytosanitary. In an attempt to find an effective control measure for sweet potato soft rot disease, the pathogen Dickeya dadantii was exposed to AgNPs, the cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alone, and both in combination. AgNPs were synthesized using CFCS of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain A3. The green synthesized AgNPs exhibited a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 410-420 nm. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy determined the nanocrystalline nature and 20-100 nm diameters of AgNPs. Release of metal Agsup.+ ion from biosynthesized AgNPs increases with time. AgNPs and CFCS of B. amyloliquefaciens alone exhibited antibacterial activity against the growth, biofilm formation, swimming motility, and virulence of strain A3. The antibacterial activities elevated with the elevation in AgNPs and CFCS concentration. Similar antibacterial activities against D. dadantii were obtained with AgNPs at 50 µg·mLsup.−1 , 50% CFCS alone, and the combination of AgNPs at 12 µg·mLsup.−1 and 12% CFCS of B. amyloliquefaciens. In planta experiments indicated that all the treatments reduced D. dadantii infection and increased plant growth. These findings suggest that AgNPs along with CFCS of B. amyloliquefaciens can be applied to minimize this bacterial disease by controlling pathogen-contaminated sweet potato tuber with minimum Ag nano-pollutant in the environment.
The reliability and sustainability of modern power system is increased by incorporating microgrids comprising Distributed Renewable Energy Resources (DRER). But due to lack of inertia of the ...microgrid and intermittent nature of DRERs, the transient stability is compromised. In this paper, a Virtual Inertia Control (VIC) strategy is implemented to improve the transient behavior of a Solid State Transformer (SST) integrated DC microgrid system during the transition between grid-connected mode and islanded mode and under varying load conditions. The SST connects the whole system with the utility grid considering its various advantages over a conventional transformer. The design, control and operational analysis of the microgrid system which consists of a PV array, wind turbine (WT), battery bank and solid-state transformer (SST) is carried out before adopting VIC technique. The bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) used for interfacing the battery is controlled in such a manner so that it emulates the inertia characteristics of a synchronous machine and supply inertia to the system. MATLAB/Simulink environment is used for demonstrating the effectiveness of the control strategy for enhancing the transient performance of the DC Microgrid.
Nickel (Ni) doped Mn
3
O
4
nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a quick and facile chemical precipitation technique to investigate their performance in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in ...the absence of light. XRD, FESEM, TEM, AAS, XPS, and FT-IR were used for the investigation of the structural, surface morphological, and elemental composition of Ni doped Mn
3
O
4
NPs. XRD confirms the formation of a tetragonal phase structure of pure Mn
3
O
4
and 1% and 3% Ni doped Mn
3
O
4
NPs. However, mixed phases were found in the case of 5 to 10% Ni doped Mn
3
O
4
NPs. Well-defined spherical-shaped morphology was presented through FESEM. Particle sizes decreased linearly (58.50 to 23.68 nm) upon increasing the doping concentration from 0% (pure Mn
3
O
4
) to 7% respectively, and then increased (48.62 nm) in the case of 10% doping concentration. TEM further confirmed spherical shaped 32 nm nanoparticles for 7% Ni doped Mn
3
O
4
. The elemental composition and oxidation state of the prepared NPs were confirmed by using XPS spectra. Mixed valence Mn
2+
and Mn
4+
states were found in pure Mn
3
O
4
and 1% and 3% Ni doped Mn
3
O
4
NPs in the ratio of 2MnO-MnO
2
. In addition, three different oxidation states Mn
2+
, Mn
3+
, and Mn
4+
were found in 5 to 10% Ni doped Mn
3
O
4
NPs. Moreover, as a dopant Ni exists as Ni
2+
and Ni
3+
states in all Ni doped Mn
3
O
4
NPs. The synthesized NPs were then applied as potent oxidants for the degradation of MB at pH 3. With the increase of doping concentration to 7%, the degree of degradation was increased to 79% in the first 10 min and finally, it became about 98%. The degradation of MB follows the pseudo-first-order linear kinetics with a degradation rate of 0.0342 min
−1
.
Nickel (Ni) doped Mn
3
O
4
nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a quick and facile chemical precipitation technique to investigate their performance in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the absence of light.
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