: Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for end‐stage liver disease in children, but donor shortage is still a main problem in this age group. The aim of the present study is to evaluate ...the complications and mortality of liver disease in children waiting for transplantation. We analyzed medical records of 83 children aged <18 yr, who were listed for liver transplantation but the organ was not available for them between 1999 and 2006. The outcome was assessed from their records or follow‐up data. Among the children (mean age, 8 ± 5 yr; 50.5% boys) listed for liver transplantation, but the organ was not available for them, the common causes of cirrhosis were biliary atresia (27.7%) and cryptogenic (24.1%). The mean follow‐up duration was 14 ± 13.4 months (range 0.5–54 months). Sixty‐seven (80.7%) patients developed one or more complications while awaiting transplantation. The most common complications were gastrointestinal bleeding (44.6%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (36.1%), infectious complications (28.9%), encephalopathy (24.1%), renal (18.1%), and pulmonary problems (10.8%). Fifty‐one (61.4%) patients needed hospital admission because of complications and 26 (31.3%) patients died while awaiting transplantation. About two‐thirds of children listed for liver transplantation needed hospital admission because of complications and one‐third of them died without any liver transplantation. It seems that more split liver transplantation as well as the introduction of a live‐related program in our center will provide many benefits to our children.
IntroductionToday, carrots are widely used in freshly cut products, including ready to eat salads, however, its shelf life is reduced due to the damage caused on the texture of the product which ...accelerate the reduction of nutritional value as well as the growth of microorganisms, (Azizian et al., 2020). To increase the shelf life of freshly cut products, it is recommended to use coatings on the surface of these products. Alginate is a hydrophilic biopolymer and having unique colloidal characteristics, it demonstrates a suitable coating function. Olivas et al. (2008) showed that by coating fresh apple slices with alginate and antimicrobial agents increased the shelf life of apple and decreased weight loss. Among the native plants of Iran, we can mention the Oliveria plant, which belongs to the Amblifra family. The aerial parts of this plant have a significant amount of essential oils (EOs). Researches by Amin et al. (2005) on the antimicrobial properties of Oliveria essential oils have shown a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all studied organisms, and this effect is comparable to that of commercial antibiotics. Packaging with modified atmosphere is one of the best ways to increase the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of alginate and Oliveria essential oils on the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of grated carrots in polypropylene packages with modified atmosphere during storage. MethodsEssential oil of Oliveria plant was extracted, dehydrated by sodium sulfate and placed in sealed glass container and stored at 4˚C until using. Carrots prepared from Wilmoren cultivar. An industrial crusher crushed the carrots, and samples were coated by treatment solutions. Two treatments of coating were prepared, one as control with 0% and the other one with 1.5% alginate with stirring and moderate heat (50-60°C) (Lu et al., 2009). Then the Oliveria EO was added to the alginate solution at the specified concentration. The resulting solution was deaerated at 25˚C.T1: control sample (without coating)T2: 1.5% alginateT3: 150 ppm Olivieria EOT4: 250 ppm Olivieria EOT5: 1.5% alginate and 150 ppm of Olivieria EOT6: 1.5% alginate and 250 ppm of Olivieria EOAfter weighing (250 g), the grated carrots (control and coated) were placed in 10 g polypropylene packages of suitable food grade in dimensions of 50 × 190 × 144 cm and the package was injected with 5% O2, 5% CO2 and 90% N2. The packages were then stored in the refrigerator for 12 days at 4±1˚C. All experiments were performed on days 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Evaluation of Chemical, Microbial and Sensory CharacteristicsA pH meter used for pH determination (Rad et al., 2020). The acidity measured based on Rocha et al. (2007) method.The weight was reported using pre and post-storage weight. The carotenoid concentration calculated by Rocha et al. (2007) method. Total soluble solids determined by refractometer (Rad et al., 2020). Ascorbic acid content measured by Falahi et al. (2013) method. The L*, a*, b* and WI (white index) indicators of grated carrots evaluated by Hunter lab system. A 5-point hedonic test was used to assess sensory attributes(Ajnevardi et al., 2002). The internal gas concentration evaluated by Ullsten & Hedenqvist (2003) method. Total count microorganisms, mold, and yeast were counted according to the method of Azizian et al. (2020). Data AnalysisThis study was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial form to investigate the effect of independent variables of type of alginate coating (2 levels), essential oil (3 levels) and time (5 levels) on the physicochemical properties of grated carrots (3 replications) and total counting, mold and yeast (2 replications). Mean comparison was performed using LSD test at 5% probability level and SPSS software was used to statistically analyze data. ResultThe results showed that the level of acidity, carotenoid and acid ascorbic, the amount of L* and sensory (color, quality, flavor, odor) scores reduced during time. By contrast the level of pH, weight loss, the amount of a*, b*, CO2, TSS and total counts increased (P<0.05). Also, with increasing the concentration of essential oils and alginates, the amount of acidity, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, L* increased and pH, weight loss, TSS, a*, b*, CO2 and total count decreased (P<0.05). Escherichia coli, mold and yeast count of the samples did not show any growth from the mentioned treatments until the 12th day. Overall, the Oliveria essential oil and alginate were effective in improving the properties of grated carrots under the modified atmosphere during storage. ConclusionThe study showed that Oliveria EO and alginate added to grated carrots in modified atmosphere packaging during storage was effective in reducing respiration, water loss, microbial load and increased the shelf life. Treatment containing 1.5% alginate and 250 ppm Oliveria EO showed the best chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that by packing under modified atmosphere and coating by alginate and Oliveria EO, a new carrot product provided to the market with maintaining durability and quality characteristics during storage.
During 2011-14 surveys, a witches' broom (CarWB) disease was observed in carrot fields of Chahgeer and Salim Abad in Abarkooh and Khatam regions (Yazd province, Iran). The main symptoms of CarWB ...disease were little leaf, yellowing, proliferation of shoots from taproot, stunting of taproot, virescence, phyllody, leaf reddening and witches' broom. The disease agent was transmitted by graft and dodder to periwinkle inducing phytoplasma-type symptoms. Orosius albicinctus leafhopper was identified as a natural vector of CarWB disease since it was able to transmit the agent from naturally witches' broom infected carrot to healthy alfalfa and carrot plants. Direct and nested polymerase chain reaction assays using phytoplasma-specific primer pairs amplified products of expected size from symptomatic carrot in the field and symptomatic grafted, dodder and vector inoculated plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analyses of partial 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that phytoplasmas associated with CarWB disease in Yazd province belong to peanut witches' broom (16SrII) phytoplasma group, subgroup C. Considering the disease vector is found to be the same of alfalfa witches' broom infecting fields in the same areas, alfalfa seems to have an important role in the epidemiology of CarWB disease spreading in Yazd province. This is the first report of association of a 16SrII phytoplasma with carrot witches' broom disease.
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to establish a simple and practical elastica model for the deflection of weft (warp) in a plain wave fabric.Design methodology approach - The weft yarn is ...considered as an elastic beam fixed supported at the ends and deflected in the middle by a vertical load. An analytical model, based on the elastic theory and small deflection case is adopted to study the factors affecting the deflection of the yarn. To investigate the model, yarns with different rigidities are used. A total of five different yarn counts are produced in the same ring spinning system and then used as weft yarn in a plain weave fabric. All other parameters of the yarns and the fabrics are kept identical. Fresh fabrics are analyzed and the maximum deflection of the weft is measured using the microscope. The actual curves of the deflected weft are then compared with the theoretical curves.Findings - The experimental curves show to agree well with the theoretical model. The results also show that as yarn linear density decreases, the deflection increases.Originality value - The paper shows that while the large deformation "elastica" theory is typically used for woven fabric modeling, the small deflection theory can be useful for rapid computation.
The present study models and analyzes energy harvesting by a piezoelectric layer from the induced vibration of an electrostatically actuated microcantilever. In this structure, a layer of ...radioisotope materials is placed across from the microcantilever which emits electrons. An electrostatic force is created between the microcantilever and the plate across from it by charging the microcantilever. With further increase of charging, the pull-in instability occurs and microbeam is attracted to the electrode layer. Then discharge occurs, and the microcantilever is released. The piezoelectric layer converts the vibration of the released microcantilever into electricity. For extracting the equation of motion, the terms of energy are first calculated and then are discretized using the assumed method. Discretization is performed using the exact mode shape of linear vibration of the non-uniform microcantilever (i.e., the mode shape of the microcantilever with considering the geometrical effect of the piezoelectric layer). Subsequently, the Lagrange equation is applied, and discretized equations of motion are derived. In contrast to previous works, the linear and nonlinear effect of the electrostatic force and also geometrical effect of the piezoelectric layer are considered. Equations of motions are solved using the Runge-Kutta method for two conditions, one time with considering the effects of electrostatic force and other one ignoring it, and then the results are compared. By calculating the equations governing the system, output voltage and, therefore, the level of harvested electrical energy are examined based on various parameters, including material, thickness, length, location of piezoelectric layer, and resistive load, and maximum output power is obtained based on the geometry and conditions of the problem.
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•A cost-effective and atmospheric thin film deposition is developed for preparation of optical H2 sensors.•Nanostructured MoO3 films were prepared on glass by solid-fed flame vapor ...deposition.•The role of substrate temperature on morphological and sensing characteristics was examined.•With a Pd over-layer film, MoO3 films turn dark blue after hydrogen exposure.•Sensing capability at very low concentrations of hydrogen and different working temperatures was investigated.
Nanostructured MoO3 films were deposited on glass by an atmospheric solid-fed flame vapor deposition (SF-FVD) technique at different substrate temperatures (25 (SRT), 300 (S300) and 400 °C (S400)). FESEM showed web-like morphology for SRT and S300 and plate-like for S400. TEM revealed existing spherical at lower and 2D structures at higher temperatures. Monoclinic and orthorhombic phases were observed for SRT and S300/S400, respectively. With a sputter-deposited Pd film, MoO3 films turn dark blue after hydrogen exposure, for which localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption bands have appeared in the NIR region. The LSPR showed a linear blue shift up to 35 nm with < 4% hydrogen concentration. Using a 640 nm LED light source, the capability at very low concentrations of hydrogen and different working temperatures (up to 200 °C) was investigated. Significant sensitivity was observed with a sigmoidal behavior toward hydrogen concentration (0.05–10%). Also, the repeatability and selectivity among interfering gases were desirable. Sample S300 at a working temperature of 150 °C showed the best sensing performance in coloration, reversibility and response time. Raman, XRD and FESEM were used that reveal structural and morphological degradation, where the partial formation of molybdenum oxide bronze (H0.93MoO3) was observed.
In this work, we used carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a support for synthesis, size control, and morphology of magnesium oxide using the precipitation method. The morphology of MgO nanoparticles varies by ...changing the weight percent of carbon nanotubes in the solution. Experimental results indicate that, at optimum condition in a mixture of materials, the surface of purified CNTs is covered by MgO nanoparticles completely. The purified CNTs and MgO/CNTs nanorods had average diameters of about 35 and 65 nm, respectively, and their length was in the order of a few micrometers. The structure of CNTs and MgO/CNTs nanopowders has been characterized by analyzing the X-ray diffraction pattern, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy images.
In our short note, the fourth-order modified Schrödinger equation due to generalized uncertainty principle is considered in one dimension with box problem as a typical example. The problem is ...transformed to Laplace space and the analytical solutions are reported via basic properties the transform. The approach, unlike other techniques, has the potential to consider the modified wave equations in two and three dimensions using the complex analysis.
Introduction: The problem of the weak knowledge of pharmacology among nursing students has not been well explained, and on the other hand, experiences and suggestions in the field of improving the ...knowledge of pharmacology of nursing students are not properly available in the nursing literature of the country, so this study aims to explain the challenge of the weak knowledge of pharmacology in nursing students of the country and to present Solutions to improve pharmacology knowledge were carried out.
Method: This study was conducted as a review by searching the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SID, and MagIran databases with the keywords of pharmaceutical knowledge and nursing students in the abstract and title of the articles, and the articles that examine the level of pharmaceutical knowledge Nursing students had studied in the country, and also the studies that were published in the field of providing solutions to improve the knowledge of pharmacology in nursing students were selected and analyzed in the present study.
Results: Out of 52 reviewed articles, four internal articles investigated the status of nursing students' knowledge of pharmacology, and other internal and external studies provided improvement strategies in this field. The presented solutions were classified into two operational dimensions and teaching methods.
Conclusion: Based on the research done, it seems that in terms of pharmacology teaching methods, the use of combined approaches will bring more concrete results due to more suitable consequences in terms of solving the upcoming challenge.
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