Given the vast uncertainty surrounding climate impacts, meta-analyses of global climate damage estimates are a key tool for determining the relationship between temperature and climate damages. Due ...to limited data availability, previous meta-analyses of global climate damages potentially suffered from multiple sources of coefficient and standard error bias: duplicate estimates, omitted variables, measurement error, overreliance on published estimates, dependent errors, and heteroskedasticity. To address and test for these biases, we expand on previous datasets to obtain sufficient degrees of freedom to make the necessary model adjustments, including dropping duplicate estimates and including methodological variables. Estimating the relationship between temperature and climate damages using weighted least squares with cluster-robust standard errors, we find strong evidence that duplicate and omitted variable biases flatten the relationship. However, the magnitude of the bias greatly depends on the treatment of speculative high-temperature (>4
∘
C) damage estimates. Replacing the DICE-2013R damage function with our preferred estimate of the temperature–damage relationship, we find a three- to four-fold increase in the 2015 SCC relative to DICE, depending on the treatment of productivity. When catastrophic impacts are also factored in, the SCC increases by four- to five-fold.
From a largely autobiographical perspective, the development of the European concept of landscape is considered through the last fifty years, focussed on the gap between the environmental idea which ...has progressively become more ecological, so the landscape idea has become much more cultural. When they work together, there can be outstanding results, as demonstrated in the European Landscape Award. However, what seemed to be an unsteady progress towards a common understanding of cultural landscape can still receive dramatic shocks. The Pandemic is one such shock which has just begun to be absorbed into landscape thinking, and now the cosy concept of national and regional landscape identities is shattered yet again, by invasion, immigration and displacement.
Summary Background Implant survival after conventional total hip replacement (THR) is often poor in younger patients, so alternatives such as hip resurfacing, with various sizes to fit over the ...femoral head, have been explored. We assessed the survival of different sizes of metal-on-metal resurfacing in men and women, and compared this survival with those for conventional stemmed THRs. Methods We analysed the National Joint Registry for England and Wales (NJR) for primary THRs undertaken between 2003 and 2011. Our analysis involved multivariable flexible parametric survival models to estimate the covariate-adjusted cumulative incidence of revision adjusting for the competing risk of death. Findings The registry included 434 560 primary THRs, of which 31 932 were resurfacings. In women, resurfacing resulted in worse implant survival than did conventional THR irrespective of head size. Predicted 5-year revision rates in 55-year-old women were 8·3% (95% CI 7·2–9·7) with a 42 mm resurfacing head, 6·1% (5·3–7·0) with a 46 mm resurfacing head, and 1·5% (0·8–2·6) with a 28 mm cemented metal-on-polyethylene stemmed THR. In men with smaller femoral heads, resurfacing resulted in poor implant survival. Predicted 5-year revision rates in 55-year-old men were 4·1% (3·3–4·9) with a 46 mm resurfacing head, 2·6% (2·2–3·1) with a 54 mm resurfacing head, and 1·9% (1·5–2·4) with a 28 mm cemented metal-on-polyethylene stemmed THR. Of male resurfacing patients, only 23% (5085 of 22076) had head sizes of 54 mm or above. Interpretation Hip resurfacing only resulted in similar implant survivorship to other surgical options in men with large femoral heads, and inferior implant survivorship in other patients, particularly women. We recommend that resurfacing is not undertaken in women and that preoperative measurement is used to assess suitability in men. Before further new implant technology is introduced we need to learn the lessons from resurfacing and metal-on-metal bearings. Funding National Joint Registry for England and Wales.
The social cost of carbon (SCC) and the climate-economic models underlying this prominent US climate policy instrument are heavily affected by modeler opinion and therefore may not reflect the views ...of most climate economists. To test whether differences exist, we recalibrate key uncertain model parameters using formal expert elicitation: a multi-question online survey of individuals who have published scholarship on the economics of climate change, with 165 to 216 respondents, depending on the question. Survey questions on the magnitude of climate impacts and appropriate discount rates revealed that prevailing views differ from prominent IAMs, including DICE. We calibrate the DICE damage functions and discount rates to reflect the mean and median survey responses, respectively, recognizing these two parameters’ differing sources of uncertainty (positive versus normative). We find a 16-fold higher SCC than the base DICE-2013R assumptions, with a range of 11- to 24-fold under alternative modeling assumptions (using the DICE-2016R2 model version and calibrating damages to median rather than mean responses). Our findings support a 7- to 13-fold SCC increase for different respondent subgroups even when we exclude the potential for catastrophic climate impact shocks. Our results reveal a significant disparity between IAMs and the broader community of scholars publishing in this field.
Forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis aggregate in large numbers in forest clearings. Whether they maintain contact as they move through the forest and are able to coordinate these aggregations, ...similar to the fission-fusion sociality of the well-studied savanna elephants Loxodonta africana, is currently unknown. Since sound attenuates faster in closed as compared to open habitats, the lowfrequency rumble vocalizations of forest elephants may exhibit smaller detection ranges than measured for those of savanna elephants, which may restrict the ability of forest elephants to coordinate interactions between separated family units. Here, we modeled the attenuation of forest elephant rumbles using amplitude measurements of rumbles recorded in a rainforest in Gabon and estimated the distances at which elephants might be able to detect them under observed ambient sound conditions. Our results suggest an attenuation rate less than predictions of spherical spreading loss, suggesting that reflection of the sound waves within the forest results in constructive interference. Nevertheless, we found that forest elephant rumbles of average dominant frequency (31.07 Hz) under average ambient sound levels would not be detectable farther than 0.8 km. Moreover, for 50% of analyzed rumbles, the harmonic structure was completely attenuated at only 100 m. However, we estimated detection distances of up to 3.2 km for rumbles of average dominant frequency when ambient sound was at its lowest. Our findings suggest that long-distance communication to coordinate interactions among separated family units may be limited in forest elephants, with potentially important consequences for their social organization.
Taxonomy of literacies Stordy, Peter
Journal of documentation,
05/2015, Letnik:
71, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Purpose
– Digital technologies have transformed what it means to be literate and to experience literacy. Various literacies have been coined to capture this transformation including established ...literacies like computer literacy, information literacy, digital literacy, media literacy and internet literacy, to newer conceptions like transliteracy, metaliteracy and multimodal literacy. The purpose of this paper is to assimilate the various conceptions of literacy and literacy types is becoming increasingly more complex. There is a need for a taxonomy of literacies that reflects more recent developments, one that more comprehensively captures the current literacy landscape and one that might have affordances in the future.
Design/methodology/approach
– “Library and Information Science Abstracts” (LISA), “Education Resources Information Center” (ERIC) and “British Education Index” were searched for documents relating to digital technologies and literacy. Relevant documents were retrieved and reviewed. This was followed by selective backward and forward citation searching and a further review of relevant documents.
Findings
– Based on a review of the literature, two significant dimensions of literacy were identified. These dimensions were used to create a literacy framework to enable the classification of literacies and literacy types, i.e. a taxonomy of literacies. This taxonomy was successfully applied to various prominent literacies and literacy types.
Research limitations/implications
– The literacy framework was only applied to those literacies and literacy types that are directly or indirectly related to digital technologies.
Originality/value
– There have been a few attempts to classify some literacy types. When conceived, these classifications comprehensively captured some aspect of the literacy landscape. However, they are now dated and there is a need for a taxonomy of literacies that meets the needs identified above. This paper proposes a taxonomy that meets these criteria.
Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are increasingly observed after spine stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The aim of this study was to determine the risk of VCF after spine SBRT and ...identify clinical and dosimetric factors predictive for VCF. The analysis incorporated the recently described Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) criteria.
The primary endpoint of this study was the development of a de novo VCF (ie, new endplate fracture or collapse deformity) or fracture progression based on an existing fracture at the site of treatment after SBRT. We retrospectively scored 167 spinal segments in 90 patients treated with spine SBRT according to each of the 6 SINS criteria. We also evaluated the presence of paraspinal extension, prior radiation, various dosimetric parameters including dose per fraction (≥20 Gy vs <20 Gy), age, and histology.
The median follow-up was 7.4 months. We identified 19 fractures (11%): 12 de novo fractures (63%) and 7 cases of fracture progression (37%). The mean time to fracture after SBRT was 3.3 months (range, 0.5-21.6 months). The 1-year fracture-free probability was 87.3%. Multivariate analysis confirmed that alignment (P=.0003), lytic lesions (P=.007), lung (P=.03) and hepatocellular (P<.0001) primary histologies, and dose per fraction of 20 Gy or greater (P=.004) were significant predictors of VCF.
The presence of kyphotic/scoliotic deformity and the presence of lytic tumor were the only predictive factors of VCF based on the original 6 SINS criteria. We also report that patients with lung and hepatocellular tumors and treatment with SBRT of 20 Gy or greater in a single fraction are at a higher risk of VCF.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip in pediatric patients can be managed conservatively or operatively. Understanding patient risk factors is important to optimize outcomes following surgical ...treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Racial disparities in procedural outcomes have been studied, however, there is scarce literature on an association between race and complications following pediatric orthopaedic surgery. Our study aimed to determine the association between pediatric patients' race and outcomes following operative management of hip dysplasia by investigating 30-day postoperative complications and length of hospital stay.
The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric database was utilized from the years 2012 to 2019 to identify all pediatric patients undergoing surgical treatment for hip dysplasia. Patients were stratified into 2 groups: patients who were White and patients from underrepresented minority (URM) groups. URM groups included those who were Black or African American, Hispanic, Native American or Alaskan, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. Differences in patient demographics, comorbidities, and postoperative outcomes were compared between the 2 cohorts using bivariate and multivariate analyses.
Of the 9159 pediatric patients who underwent surgical treatment for hip dysplasia between 2012 and 2019, 6057 patients (66.1%) were White and 3102 (33.9%) were from URM groups. In the bivariate analysis, compared with White patients, patients from URM groups were more likely to experience deep wound dehiscence, pneumonia, unplanned reintubation, cardiac arrest, and extended length of hospital stay. Following multivariate analysis, patients from URM groups had an increased risk of unplanned reintubation (odds ratio: 3.583; P=0.018).
Understanding which patient factors impact surgical outcomes allows health care teams to be more aware of at-risk patient groups. Our study found that pediatric patients from URM groups who underwent surgery for correction of hip dysplasia had greater odds of unplanned reintubation when compared with patients who were White. Further research should investigate the relationship between multiple variables including race, low socioeconomic status, and language barriers on surgical outcomes following pediatric orthopaedic procedures.
Level III-retrospective cohort analysis.
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