Breaking the War Habit Harding, Scott; Howlett, Charles; Kershner, Seth
2022, 2022-07-30
eBook
Provides an original consideration of the militarization of schools in the United States and explores the prolonged battle to prevent the military from infiltrating and influencing public education.
This study examines the roles of thinking styles, role ambiguity, and knowledge in predicting salesperson creative selling behaviors. It also examines the importance of salesperson industry knowledge ...(i.e., an understanding of the industry's regulatory environment) and salesperson organizational knowledge (i.e., an understanding of customers' internal political environment) in the creative selling–sales performance relationship. Survey data come from 262 business-to-business benefits broker salespeople to test the conceptual model. The results of the structural equations modeling confirm that a judicial thinking style has a positive effect on creative selling and that role ambiguity and organizational knowledge are also important antecedents of creative selling. Importantly, the analysis confirms that industry and organizational knowledge moderate the creative selling–sales performance relationship.
•The paper examines how thinking styles and knowledge affect creative selling.•Judicial thinking style indirectly enhances performance through creative selling.•Knowledge of one's industry enhances the effectiveness of creative selling.•Sales training should enhance salespeople's industry and customer knowledge.
The February 2022 Russian invasion into Ukraine is the largest land attack in Europe since World War II. Threats of the use of tactical nuclear weapons by Russian President Putin has raised the ...eyebrows of nations throughout the world. The possibility of another world war and prospects for nuclear annihilation has provided an opportunity for non‐governmental international peace organizations to work together collectively to educate citizens about the importance of peace movements as agencies of humanitarian relief. More than opposing war peace movements are reform instruments, which highlight the importance of peace by providing aid and assistance to the innocent victims of armed aggression. Presently, peace organizations are doing their part by providing food, shelter, clothing, first aid, and other forms of non‐lethal aid to the Ukrainian people caught in the crosshairs of this violent conflict. This is how peace movements can demonstrate the real meaning of peace in the current situation and serve the larger task of nonviolence beyond political dialogue and nationalistic rhetoric.
On matters of teacher loyalty and conscience, World War I marked a legal watershed in the United States. During this conflict, schools became seminaries of patriotism and teachers had to promote ...loyalty and allegiance to the government. Throughout the nation, overzealous school boards imposed state‐legislated loyalty oaths upon teachers. In cities and rural communities, many teachers were accused of disloyalty, regardless of personal beliefs, and stripped of their positions. Teachers who criticized the war faced intense scrutiny and often were dismissed on the flimsiest of charges. Some teachers chose to litigate the matter in courts of law. Some were successful, and some were not. This pattern has continued during subsequent wars. In terms of free speech protections for public schoolteachers, the law has been applied inconsistently. Whereas college and university teachers have had some degree of constitutionally protected free speech because of the ideal of academic freedom, the same does not apply to public schoolteachers. This article traces a number school trials as well as court cases from World War I to the present. It examines how the judiciary has adjudicated acts of conscience during wartime in the nation's public schools. It remains an unsettled issue in need of constitutional redress.
As 2016 is the centennial of Dewey's most famous work, Democracy and Education (1916), it is imperative to consider Dewey's role as a public intellectual. In reflection of how he framed his most ...famous work—as an instrument for helping people think about democratic reform—the authors examined John Dewey's beliefs about the importance of peace as applied to the American view. This essay journals Dewey as an important contributor to the American peace movement in terms of both thought and activity, especially in the post-World War I period. Dewey argued that the responsibility of schools in a democratic society is to teach cooperation and understanding and not simply rely on notions of patriotism and allegiance as often presented in schools. His World War I experience alerted him to the need for transforming schools as seminaries of patriotism into instruments for global understanding. The authors also offered specific examples as to how his instrumentalist philosophy, including his involvement in the Outlawry of War campaign in the 1920s, has been a cornerstone of peace education efforts in the United States over the past one hundred years and what has been their effectiveness.
As 2016 is the centennial of Dewey's most famous work, Democracy and Education (2016), it is important to consider Dewey's role in public scholarship to educate for peace. Critical to an in-depth ...understanding of Dewey is recognition that the early twentieth century marked a transformation period in his views about war and peace. This paper addressed Dewey's less known political and social ideas during the rise of the "modern" American peace movement. In addition, Dewey's views of the role of education in a globalizing world are discussed. The research presented directly reflects global conflicts following World War 1, while highlighting the interplay of social analysis as welll as disparity between war and peace.
This paper explores how American philosopher John Dewey used his pragmatic philosophy to support American military involvement during World War I and offers examples of its unforeseen consequences. ...As a practicing pragmatist and instrumentalist, Dewey initially reasoned that war might serve as an efficient means for bringing about a democratically organized world order. He argued that war could not be separated from the system of power politics in international relations or dissociated from the ends it sought to achieve. His pre-war philosophy, in contrast to his wartime position, emphasized the virtue of peaceful and intelligent solutions to problems. Dewey's conflicting ideas and writings, which responded to developing global conflicts, led to criticism of his true nature, pragmatic beliefs, optimism, and, ultimately, his democratic ideals. His failure to adhere to his previous position led wartime critics like Randolph Bourne to castigate his logic. Bourne was quick to point out that Dewey's pragmatic instrumentalism trapped him into miscalculating the relationship of the war to true national interests and democratic values. Dewey's excessive optimism led him to overestimate the power of intelligence and underestimate the forces of violence and irrationality. It took a war with all its violence, emotionalism, and excessive intolerance to convince Dewey that his own philosophical preconceptions concerning the progressive possibilities of military force were ill founded. In the aftermath of total war, Dewey discredited his own idealism while aligning his pragmatic instrumentalism with the goals of the liberal wing of the peace movement, a movement which insisted that peace stands for more than just the absence of war.
World War I was a watershed in modern world history. On the battlefield, millions were slaughtered by chemical warfare, machine guns, and trench warfare-and this senseless bloodletting remains the ...most enduring legacy of the Great War. Critical to understanding the war's significance is the often-overlooked emergence of a "modern" dynamic grassroots peace movement that both opposed war and sought to abolish its social causes.
Edited by Scott H. Bennett and Charles F. Howlett,Antiwar Dissent and Peace Activism in World War I Americapresents primary documents, most anthologized for the first time, illustrating opposition and resistance to the war and the government's efforts to promote the war and restrict dissent. This fresh collection highlights the broad range of antiwar sentiment: religious and secular, liberal and radical, pacifist and nonpacifist, including conscientious objection. It also addresses key issues raised by the antiwar movement-particularly dissent in wartime, civil liberties, the meaning of patriotism, and citizen peace activism-that remain vital to understanding American democracy.
This article will provide an historical analysis of the various trends within the field of peace education/peace studies during the beginning of the nuclear age. It will provide an overview of how ...peace education grew from noted grassroots organizations to school-based programs and in academic societies devoted to peace education and conflict resolution. The historical record of the past 50 years or so provides a progression of peace education/peace studies from an antidote to the science of war to a comprehensive examination of the causes of violence and related strategies for peace. Furthermore, this analysis offers a thorough examination of the evolution of peace ideology after the World War II when weapons of mass destruction presented a direct threat to humankind's existence. While peace efforts have always been a part of American history, the burgeoning field of peace education/peace studies gained academic credibility as a direct result of developing atomic and nuclear weapons. To a great extent, we are still living in the first nuclear age and attempts to oppose war and promote social justice inside and outside schoolhouse gates should be understood through the lens of history.
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