Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a rare tumour with a variable prognosis. More prognostic markers linked to mutational signatures and the tumour immune microenvironment are needed. A cohort ...made up of 165 invasive pSCC was retrospectively analysed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue, focusing on tumour mutational burden (TMB), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, microsatellite instability (MSI), the number of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), HPV status determined by p16 immunohistochemistry, and several traditional histopathological variables. High TMB (>10 mut/Mb) was associated with high PD-L1 expression (TPS 50–100%), and HPV-negative status. High PD-L1 expression was linked to HPV negativity, a high number of intratumoural CTLA4+ cells, and brisk lymphocytic infiltrate. High TMB was a significant predictor of shorter overall survival (OS) in both univariate and multivariate analysis when using a median cut-off value of 4.3 mut/Mb, but not when using an arbitrary cut-off of 10 mut/Mb. Low CTLA4+ cell infiltration at the tumour invasion front was a marker of shorter OS and cancer-specific survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis. PD-L1 expression had no significant impact on prognosis. Only two cases were MSI high. The results support the hypothesis of two aetiological pathways in pSCC cancerogenesis: (1) SCC linked to HPV infection characterised by low TMB, less common PD-L1 expression, and a lower number of TILs; and (2) SCC linked to chronic inflammation leading to a high number of acquired mutations (high TMB), HPV negativity, increased neoantigen production (i.e., PD-L1), and high immune cell infiltration.
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a rare malignancy with a slowly increasing incidence and variable prognosis. Regional lymph node involvement signifies poor prognosis but represents a late ...sign, and more prognostic markers for effective patient risk stratification are urgently needed. In this retrospective study, 152 tumour samples with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were analysed for traditional pathological variables, tumour budding, p53, p16, and mismatch repair proteins (MMR) immunohistochemistry. The density of tumour lymphocytic infiltrate was also determined, using subjective evaluation by two pathologists (brisk/non-brisk/absent) and also using the immunoscore method, which categorised the cohort into five immunoscore groups according to the number of CD3+ and CD8+ T-cells in both the tumour centre and tumour invasion front. Only one case (0.6%) was MMR-deficient. Tumour budding count ≥5 tumour buds/20× power field and non-brisk/absent lymphocytic infiltrate were significant negative predictors of both the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), whereas a low immunoscore was a significant marker of shorter OS but not CSS. Advanced pT stage (3+4) was a significant marker of shorter CSS but not OS. In the multivariate analysis, high-grade budding was a significant parameter if adjusted for the patient's age and associated variables, except for the pN stage. The lymphocytic infiltrate retained its prognostic significance if adjusted for age and associated variables. The negative prognostic significance of the previously described parameters (lymphatic, venous, and perineural invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, and p53 mutated profile) were confirmed in our study. Grade, histological subtype, and HPV status (as determined by p16 immunohistochemistry) showed, surprisingly, little or no prognostic significance.
Fungal contamination poses a persistent challenge to industries, particularly in food, healthcare, and clinical sectors, due to the remarkable resilience of fungi in withstanding conventional control ...methods. In this context, our research delves into the comparative efficacy of UV radiation and non-thermal plasma (NTP) on key foodborne fungal contaminants -
Alternaria alternata
,
Aspergillus niger
,
Fusarium culmorum
, and
Fusarium graminearum
. The study examined the impact of varying doses of UV radiation on the asexual spores of all mentioned fungal strains. Simultaneously, the study compared the effects of UV radiation and NTP on the metabolic activity of cells after spore germination and their subsequent germination ability. The results revealed that UV-C radiation (254 nm) did not significantly suppress the metabolic activity of cells after spore germination. In contrast, NTP exhibited almost 100% effectiveness on both selected spores and their subsequent germination, except for
A. niger
. In the case of
A. niger
, the effectiveness of UV-C and NTP was nearly comparable, showing only a 35% decrease in metabolic activity after 48 hours of germination, while the other strains (
A. alternata
,
F. culmorum
,
F. graminearum
) exhibited a reduction of more than 95%. SEM images illustrate the morphological changes in structure of all tested spores after both treatments. This study addresses a crucial gap in existing literature, offering insights into the adaptation possibilities of treated cells and emphasizing the importance of considering exposure duration and nutrient conditions (introduction of fresh medium). The results highlighted the promising antimicrobial potential of NTP, especially for filamentous fungi, paving the way for enhanced sanitation processes with diverse applications.
The comparative efficacy of UV radiation and non-thermal plasma (NTP) on key foodborn fungal contaminants was studied. UV-C radiation (254 nm) did not significantly suppress the metabolic activity of cells are spore germination whereas NTP exhibited almost 100% effectiveness.
Abstract This work focuses on the antimycotic effects of the plasma gun as a potential tool for the treatment of superficial infections. Candida glabrata was chosen as a model microorganism. The ...preliminary tests have been done on the agar plates to establish the basic plasma parameters. To render this research more appropriate to the real application, more complex inoculation substrates, pork skin and 3D‐printed models of the dog ear canal have been used. The results of this work confirm the high efficiency of cold plasma in the inhibition of yeasts on different surfaces and will lead to further experiments.
Cardiovascular surgery is often associated with significant mortality ranging from 3% to 6%, and complications labeled as cerebral are identified as a cause of death in about 3%–9% of heart surgery ...associated mortality, including cerebrovascular embolism. With regards to heart surgery patients, neurologic complications are caused by arterial embolism predominantly associated with left-sided infective endocarditis. In this paper, we would like to present an unusual autopsy finding of cellular–myocardial embolism in the middle cerebral artery in a patient after acute mitral valve repair, coronary artery bypass graft, and maze procedure with left atrium appendage occlusion. The mechanism of embolism related with open heart surgery that we propose to underlie our case finding is “myocardial tissue embolism” with hemispheric encephalomalacia leading to death, which to date has not yet been described in the literature.
•We report a case of myocardium-tissue embolism, a rare and severe complication of cardiac surgery.•Four days after mitral valve surgery and left atrium appendage occlusion, the patient died; the left hemispheral encephalomalacia was the main autopsy finding.•In the left middle cerebral artery, a small embolus composed by small piece of partly necrotic myocardium was found.•Myocardium-tissue embolism occurred probably as a complication of left atrium appendage occlusion.•Myocardium-tissue embolism associated with open heart surgery represents a newly described mechanism of arterial embolism and cardioembolic stroke, regarding review of previous literature.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a liver malignancy associated with a poor prognosis. Its main subtypes are peripheral/intrahepatic and hilar/extrahepatic CCA. Several molecular, morphological and ...clinical similarities between hilar/extrahepatic CCA and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been described. FOXF1 is a transcription factor which has been described to have prognostic significance in various tumors and it is involved in the development of bile ducts. The aim of this study is to determine occurrence of nuclear expression of FOXF1 in both subtypes of CCA and metastatic PDAC and assess its potential usefulness as a diagnostic marker. Secondary aims were to investigate the use of C-reactive protein (CRP) immunohistochemistry for diagnosing intrahepatic peripheral CCA and the significance of histological features in CCA subtypes. 32 archive specimens of CCA, combined hepatocellular carcinoma-CCA (HCC-CCA) and liver metastasis of PDAC were stained by FOXF1 and CRP immunohistochemistry and evaluated to determine histological pattern. The CCAs were classified radiologically into peripheral/intrahepatic and hilar subtype. Using Fisher exact test, we identified nuclear FOXF1 as a fairly specific (87%) but insensitive (65%) marker of hilar and extrahepatic CCA and metastatic PDAC (
= 0.005). CRP immunohistochemistry was characterized by a high sensitivity and specificity, of 79% and 88%, respectively (
= 0.001). We did not identify any histomorphological features associated with either types of CCA or metastatic PDAC. As a conclusion of novel finding, FOXF1 immunohistochemistry may be regarded as a specific but insensitive marker of hilar/extrahepatic CCA and metastatic PDAC and it may help distinguish them from peripheral CCA.
Zusammenfassung
Das sebaziöse Carcinoma in situ (SCIS) stellt eine seltene intraepidermale Neoplasie dar, die am häufigsten im Augenlid- und Gesichtsbereich vorkommt. Während eine umfangreiche ...Literatur über invasive Talgdrüsenkarzinome und gutartige sebaziöse Tumoren existiert, lassen sich nur relativ wenige Artikel über SCIS finden. Wir berichten über den Fall einer 78-jährigen Frau mit SCIS-Befall der linken Wange, der sich klinisch als eine erythematöse Hauteffloreszenz manifestierte. Die Histologie der Hautbiopsie zeigte eine intraepidermale und intraadnexale Ausdehnung der atypischen Zellen mit feinschaumigem Zytoplasma und mit immunhistochemischer Adipophilin‑, CK7- und EMA-Positivität der Tumorzellen.
Sebaceous carcinoma in situ (SCIS) is a rare intraepidermal neoplasia, mostly occurring on the eyelid and the face. Despite abundant literature on invasive sebaceous carcinoma, there are relatively ...few articles about SCIS. We report the case of 78-year-old woman suffering from SCIS of the left cheek, presenting as an erythematous skin lesion. The histological examination revealed intraepidermal and intraadnexal population of atypical cells with foamy cytoplasm and with immunohistochemical adipophilin-, cytokeratin-7- and EMA-positivity in the tumor cells.
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