The development of urban areas, transport, and technical infrastructure is one of the natural phenomena that have been going on for several centuries. In recent years, due to migration population in ...many developed countries occurs a rapid increase of impervious areas in urban agglomerations. The rapid development of an impervious surface can cause changes in the hydrological and climatical characteristics of the area. As a result of these changes, surface runoff is creating. Surface runoff is an area source of pollution, occurring mainly during short, intense rains or flash floods. It is primarily formed in sloping or urban areas, where there is a lack of infiltration and retention objects to capture and temporarily retain rainwater. The occurrence of pollutants in surface runoff depends on land use and internal and external factors such as characteristics of air and soil pollutants, intensity and duration of precipitation, and other less important factors. The nature of pollutants in surface runoff in urban areas is diverse. Based on many studies, it can be said that the sources of contaminants in surface runoff coming from the air and paved areas like roads, roofs of buildings, facades, parking, and other impervious areas. The adverse effects of pollutants in the surface runoff negatively affect the environment. Therefore, the research study focuses on assessing the impact of contaminants in the air and on the surface of paved areas on the quality of surface runoff in urban areas. The study results could help design the proper management of surface runoff in urban agglomerations concerning environmental protection and the possibility of rainwater harvesting.
At present, surface runoffrepresents serious environmental problems in the urban environment, causing adverse effects on socio-economic and natural systems. Surface runoffis a complex source. The ...creation of surface runoffis described by various hydraulic hydrological processes, from the impact of water on the surface to the mouth into the sewer network or recipient. The formation of the precipitation-runoffprocess depends on several factors. Land-use change is a key factor that significantly affects the quality and quantity of surface runoff. In addition, the quality of surface runoffis also influenced by precipitation characteristics and air quality. In the last few years, the air quality is significantly worsened. The reason for this is the rapid development of urban areas, transport, and technical infrastructure. As a result of these phenomena, excessive gases, particularly carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide, were produced. Due to many research, emission in the atmosphere accounts more than 50 % of atmospheric precipitation pollution. In recent decades, attention has been paid to rainwater quality due to the water crisis. The current use of large amounts of quality water and the removal of heavily polluted water causes significant damage to the aquatic ecosystem. Given the facts, the paper focuses on analyzing the quality of surface runoffcaptured in urban areas. Subsequently, a comparison of the influence of air quality on the quality of surface runoffis performed. The study results could help design the proper management of surface runoffin urban agglomerations concerning environmental protection and the possibility of rainwater reuse.
Combined sewerage is the most widespread method of wastewater management in the world. Sewage and rainwater are discharged through a combined piping system, which affects overloading the sewer ...networks during extreme rains. This method of wastewater disposal is the oldest type of sewerage. At present, this method is described as less suitable in opposite to rather on the construction of a divided sewerage system, where wastewater and rainwater flow through separate pipes. The main disadvantage of the combined sewer overflow chambers is the possible leakage of contaminants into the recipient. In the Slovak Republic, combined sewer overflow chambers are most often used to efficiently manage and separate rainwater. In this paper, we focus on the most commonly used types of chambers, emphasizing the efficiency of their operation. The most commonly used relief chambers are with a high overflow edge, on which rakes are placed to catch floating waste. These combined sewer overflow chambers are then divided according to the location of the overflow edge into three basic types: with a front overflow, with a side overflow, and with a double-sided side overflow.
In recent decades, small domestic wastewater treatment plants have become popular in rural areas of the Slovak Republic. The reason for the expansion of decentralized wastewater management is that ...many rural areas have scattered settlements, and a centralized wastewater disposal system is economically, technically demanding, and inefficient. The disadvantage of using small domestic treatment plants in terms of environmental protection is that these facilities have yet to be significantly monitored. Due to improper operation and maintenance, they can have a long-term negative impact on the environment and jeopardize the quality of water resources. Currently, a new law amendment is being introduced in Slovakia to promote regular inspections of these facilities. The aim of this contribution is to summarize the knowledge in the field of decentralized wastewater treatment in rural areas, present the new legislative framework, and focus on the need to develop a methodology for addressing identified problematic sites and proposing measures to ensure the good condition of groundwater and surface water in the territory of the Slovak Republic.
Stormwater presents a significant problem in urban areas, especially in large cities. The intensified formation of impermeable surface leads to suppressing permeable-vegetation areas and, ...subsequently, substantial changes in the area's hydrological, environmental, and ecological characteristics. By changing the city's spatial structure, there may be an increase in flood peak, volume of runoff, and rising pollution in urban stormwater. As a result of this phenomenon, the aquatic environment can be degraded by changing water bodies' like rivers, lakes, etc. chemical and physical characteristics. Therefore, today more attention to storm water's qualitative parameters from paved surfaces as car parking, roadways, etc. This article focuses on capturing the first flush of stormwater runoff from impervious areas (roadway) during the rainfall events. The selected area of interest was near the Faculty of Civil Engineering campus in Bratislava, STU (Slovak Republic) - roadway Imricha Karvaša. In the chemical analysis were monitored qualitative parameters as reaction pH and organically bound halogens - AOX. The study aims are to compare the qualitative parameters of individual samples and evaluate them with recommendations of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 269/2010. According to the results, the average value pH was 7.07, and the average concentration of AOX 767.77 µg.|-1. The concentration of AOX extends the limit value, and therefore in the future, it is necessary to propose some measures (infiltration, retention tanks, etc.) to prevent unsuitable rainwater management.
Low impact development (LID) facilities are used to reduce the inflow of rainwater into the sewer network. Their use is welcome in highly urbanised areas where they decrease the network overloading ...during heavy rains. The aim of this paper is the implementation of LID facilities into the sewer network of the residential districts in cities. Subsequently, the assessment of their impact on network congestion at different load conditions will be done.
The paper shows the essence of CFD modeling in sanitary and environmental engineering. Paper includes practical example of assessment of CSO chamber, by using ANSYS Fluent software. This paper also ...explains the principles, upon which the ANSYS FLUENT software works. Then explains the methodology in creating the model, which is composed of: creating 3D geometry, creating computer mesh, entering of boundary conditions, defining input parameters and finally the actual simulations. In this paper there are also explained methods of modeling, which we use for solving the simulations at the Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering.
Modern growing urban areas are faced with many problems, among which in the first instance may include the need for management of rainwater. The current system for management of rainwater is ...characterized by considerable inefficiency and ineffective and extremely functional system in the current extreme weather. In the case of an effective design of complex city hydrology, it is necessary to construct rainwater capture objects in the place where the rain falls directly. The consequence of such a process is the subsequent moistening zone and thus directly influencing a cooling urban area. The primary part of the research focuses on mathematical modelling of rainfall-runoff process in the urbanized area of Bratislava. In the framework of the proposal for an effective reduction of the surface runoff, measures will be proposed for the improvement of the hydrological microclimate in the real selected area. Designed objects are used directly for more efficient management of rainwater, and avoid inefficient overloading of sewers.
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