This paper presents a monolithic optical encoder using CMOS image sensor (CIS) with background light cancellation. Both the absolute and incremental encoders are designed and fabricated on the same ...chip with dual photodiode arrays and the corresponding readout circuits. The absolute encoder is implemented using 42 columns of pixel with adjustable dual-threshold quantizer. The incremental encoder is implemented using the developed common-centroid interlacing (CCI) photodiode (PD) arrangement for the sensing of four quadrature sinusoidal signal with a 90° phase shift to each other. A fully-differential transimpedance amplifier (FDTIA) with current-mode subtraction (CMS) is proposed to achieve the common-mode signal rejection and background light cancellation. With the implemented CCI PD array, CMS FDTIA, programmable gain amplifiers (PGA), and 12-b SAR ADCs, the prototype achieves a SNR of 60dB, a total power of 10mW, and the maximum displacement error of 0.22μm. Compared to the reported work 5, it achieves a SNR improvement of 15dB, a 2× power reduction, and a 2× accuracy.
This paper presents a 0.5V computational CMOS image sensor (C 2 IS) with array-parallel computing capability for always-on feature extraction. By applying the developed pulsed-width modulation (PWM) ...pixel and switch-current integration (SCI), the in-sensor 8-directional matrix-parallel multiply-accumulate (MAC) operation is realized. Moreover, the analog-domain convolution-on-readout (COR) operation, the programmable 3\mathrm{x}3 kernel with \pm 3 -bit weights, and the tunable-resolution column-parallel ADC (1b to 8\mathrm{b} ) are implemented to achieve the real-time feature extraction without use of additional memory. The \mathrm{C}^{2}\mathrm{IS} prototype has been fabricated and verified to demonstrate the raw and feature images at 480\mathrm{fps} with a power consumption of 77/91 (\mathrm{uW} and the resultant \mathrm{FoM} of 9.8/11.6 (pJ/pix/frame), respectively.
This paper presents a dual-mode CMOS imager for reflective pulse oximeter and fingerprint capturing capability. The same sensing array with 3-transistor active pixel sensor (3T-APS) is used in both ...modes for area and cost efficiency. In the oximeter mode, a coarse-fine ADC is applied to extend the system resolution. A periodical tracking and subtracting (PTS) technique is proposed to prevent the physiological signal (photoplethysmogram, PPG) from saturation caused by the motion artifact. The 60Hz time-varying ambient light from power line noise is suppressed by the post processing of the moving averaging filter with a sampling frequency (fs) of 120Hz. A prototype with 64×64-pixel array and 20×20um 2 pixel pitch was fabricated in TSMC 0.18um CMOS technology. The measured result shows a motion rejection capability of ±199× AC swing, a motion tracking speed of 61.4kHz, and an ambient interference rejection capability of −36dB. The achieved SpO 2 accuracy is ±0.51% (@Sp02 = 97%) at a power consumption of 380uW (without LED driver).
This paper presents a high speed low noise CMOS imager for optical linear encoder. Dual sensor arrays and the corresponding readout circuit are implemented for incremental and absolute encoded light ...signal, respectively. For incremental signal, current-mode differential sensing (CMDS) frontend with buffered direct injection (BDI) is proposed for DC cancellation and high response bandwidth. Transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is implemented for current-to-voltage conversion with low-pass filtering function for noise reduction. Programmable amplifier (PGA) is implemented for single-to-differential conversion and full-range fitting for the following 12-bit SAR analog-to-digital converter (ADC). For absolute signal, 42 pixels with the corresponding dual-threshold quantizer are implemented. This work achieves a SNR of 63.4dB, a phase error of 33.8 degree at 3.3MHz incremental input.
Coenzyme Q 0 (CoQ 0 ; 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a major active constituent of Antrodia camphorata , has been shown to inhibit human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells ...through induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Ecological studies have suggested a possible association between ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and reduction in the risk of breast cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of the combination of CoQ 0 and UVB in human estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer (MCF-7) remains unclear. In this study, the possible effect of CoQ 0 on inducing apoptosis in MCF-7 cells under exposure to low-dose UVB (0.05 J/cm 2 ) has been investigated. CoQ 0 treatment (0-35 µM, for 24-72 hours) inhibits moderately the growth of breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and the cell viability was significantly decreased when the cells were pretreated with UVB irradiation. It was noted that there was a remarkable accumulation of subploid cells, the so-called sub-G1 peak, in CoQ 0 -treated cells by using flow cytometric analysis, which suggests that the viability reduction observed after treatment may result from apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. CoQ 0 caused an elevation of reactive oxygen species, as indicated by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, and UVB pretreatment significantly increased CoQ 0 -induced reactive oxygen species generation in MCF-7 cells. In addition, cells were exposed to CoQ 0 , and the induction of DNA damage was evaluated by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). CoQ 0 -induced DNA damage was remarkably enhanced by UVB pretreatment. Furthermore, CoQ 0 induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, which was associated with PARP degradation, Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation, and p53 expression as shown by western blot. Collectively, these findings suggest that CoQ 0 might be an important supplemental agent for treating patients with breast cancer.
Coenzyme Q
(CoQ
; 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a major active constituent of Antrodia camphorata, has been shown to inhibit human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells through ...induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Ecological studies have suggested a possible association between ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and reduction in the risk of breast cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of the combination of CoQ
and UVB in human estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (MCF-7) remains unclear. In this study, the possible effect of CoQ
on inducing apoptosis in MCF-7 cells under exposure to low-dose UVB (0.05 J/cm
) has been investigated. CoQ
treatment (0-35 µM, for 24-72 hours) inhibits moderately the growth of breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and the cell viability was significantly decreased when the cells were pretreated with UVB irradiation. It was noted that there was a remarkable accumulation of subploid cells, the so-called sub-G1 peak, in CoQ
-treated cells by using flow cytometric analysis, which suggests that the viability reduction observed after treatment may result from apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. CoQ
caused an elevation of reactive oxygen species, as indicated by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, and UVB pretreatment significantly increased CoQ
-induced reactive oxygen species generation in MCF-7 cells. In addition, cells were exposed to CoQ
, and the induction of DNA damage was evaluated by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). CoQ
-induced DNA damage was remarkably enhanced by UVB pretreatment. Furthermore, CoQ
induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, which was associated with PARP degradation, Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation, and p53 expression as shown by western blot. Collectively, these findings suggest that CoQ
might be an important supplemental agent for treating patients with breast cancer.
In quest to execute emerging deep learning algorithms at edge devices, developing low-power and low-latency deep learning accelerators (DLAs) have become top priority. To achieve this goal, data ...processing techniques in sensor and memory utilizing the array structure have drawn much attention. Processing-in-sensor (PIS) solutions could reduce data transfer; computing-in-memory (CIM) macros could reduce memory access and intermediate data movement. We propose a new architecture to integrate PIS and CIM to realize low-power DLA. The advantages of using these techniques and the challenges from system point-of-view are discussed.
Energy-efficient always-on motion-detection (MD) sensors are in high demand and are widely used in machine vision applications. To achieve real-time and continuous motion monitoring, high-speed ...low-power temporal difference imagers with corresponding processing architectures are widely investigated 1-6. Event-based dynamic vision sensors (DVS) have been reported to reduce the redundant data and power through the asynchronous timestamped event-address readout 1, 2. However, DVS needs special data processing to collect enough events for information extraction, and suffers from noise and dynamic effects, which limits the advantages of low-latency pixel event reporting. Furthermore, low sensitivity (no integration) and lack of static information are also drawbacks of DVS. Frame-based MD rolling-shutter sensors 3, 4 were reported to reduce the data bandwidth and power by sub-sampling operation with the tradeoff of low resolution and motion blur. Global-shutter MD sensors were reported 5, 6 using in-pixel analog memory for reference image storage. However, such sensors require a special process technology for low off-state current device implementation. In a frame-based MD sensor, the required analog processing circuit and two successive frames for temporal difference operation comes at a cost in power, area, and speed. To address these drawbacks, we present a frame-based MD vision sensor featuring three operation modes: image-capture (IC), frame-difference (FD) with on/off event detection, and saliency-detection (SD). Using a low-voltage ping-pong PWM pixel and multi-mode operation, it achieves high-speed low-power full-resolution MD, consecutive event frame reporting, and image capture functions. Moreover, saliency detection by counting the block-level event number is also implemented for efficient optic flow extraction of the companion processing chip using simple neuromorphic circuits.
本研究旨在探討旅遊網站使用者持續採用行為，以「期望確認理論」（Expectation Confirmation Theory，ECT）為基礎，並透過整理過去有關旅遊網站特性、科技採用 與資訊系統成功的相關文獻，歸納出影響旅遊網站持續採用之相關因素，藉以提出一 套能夠適用於旅遊網站情境之理論模式。在「期望確認理論」相關文獻中，尚未有研 ...究以「背包客」（Backpackers）為研究對象來探討系統使用者之持續採用行為，本研 究延伸期望確認理論之相關變數，以讓此理論應用在旅遊網站的情境上更臻完整。本 研究以臺灣地區的背包客為研究對象，指非透過旅行社安排，曾經進行國內、外自助 旅遊者為主，經由網路問卷的方式，共回收251 份有效問卷，並使用LISREL 軟體進 行統計分析資料，結果顯示多數假說均獲得支持。本研究有以下發現：(1)旅遊網站品 質特性（資訊品質、系統品質及服務品質）對「確認程度」有正向顯著之影響；(2) 「確認程度」對旅遊網站使用特性（知覺有用性、知覺易用性）與「使用者滿意度」 有正向顯著之影響；(3)旅遊網站使用特性（知覺有用性、知覺易用性）對「使用者滿 意度」有正向顯著之影響；(4)旅遊網站使用特性（知覺有用性、知覺易用性）對「持 續使用意願」沒有正向顯著之影響；(5)「使用者滿意度」對「持續使用意願」有正向 顯著之影響。 最後，根據研究結果提供旅遊網站業者一些有效管理旅遊網站系統營 運之實務建議, In this study, a research is conducted on backpackers’ continuing use in travel websites based on Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT). Efforts are made to generalize factors that influence continuing use behavior through the literature review on the topic of websites´ characteristics, information technology adoption, and Information systems success. So far, there hasn’t been any research in ECT investigatin
In this study, a research is conducted on backpackers' continuing use in travel websites based on Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT). Efforts are made to generalize factors that influence ...continuing use behavior through the literature review on the topic of websites' characteristics, information technology adoption, and Information systems success. So far, there hasn't been any research in ECT investigating continuing use in subjects of backpackers. Therefore, we extended the variables of ECT to better explain the continuing use of travel websites under different context. This research subjects were mainly focused on backpackers in Taiwan who used to travel domestically or internationally on their own rather than traveling through the arrangement of travel agency. Data analysis is conducted via LISREL statistical analysis, with 251 valid questionnaires returned. This study concludes five main results with using travel websites, including: (1) Perceived quality (information quality, system quality and servi
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