To know how moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time change across lifespan periods is needed for designing successful lifestyle interventions. We aimed to study changes in ...objectively measured (accelerometry) MVPA and sedentary time from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to young adulthood.
Estonian and Swedish participants from the European Youth Heart Study aged 9 and 15 years at baseline (N = 2312) were asked to participate in a second examination 6 (Sweden) to 9/10 (Estonia) years later. 1800 participants with valid accelerometer data were analyzed.
MVPA decreased from childhood to adolescence (-1 to -2.5 min/d per year of follow-up, P = 0.01 and <0.001, for girls and boys respectively) and also from adolescence to young adulthood (-0.8 to -2.2 min/d per year, P = 0.02 and <0.001 for girls and boys, respectively). Sedentary time increased from childhood to adolescence (+15 and +20 min/d per year, for girls and boys respectively, P<0.001), with no substantial change from adolescence to young adulthood. Changes in both MVPA and sedentary time were greater in Swedish than in Estonian participants and in boys than in girls. The magnitude of the change observed in sedentary time was 3-6 time larger than the change observed in MVPA.
The decline in MVPA (overall change = 30 min/d) and increase sedentary time (overall change = 2:45 h/d) observed from childhood to adolescence are of concern and might increase the risk of developing obesity and other chronic diseases later in life. These findings substantially contribute to understand how key health-related behaviors (physical activity and sedentary) change across important periods of life.
► A geometric method was proposed to measure the wear of hip joint. ► Roundness machine was used to measure the wear depth and wear angle. ► Numerical model was established to calculate the wear ...volumes. ► This method has higher accuracy than gravimetric method.
Accurate measurement of the wear during a hip joint wear study is a challenge. The most widely used method involves the calculation of the wear volume from the difference in sample mass pre- and post-test. However, drift in the weighing balance, sample contamination, variation of the environmental conditions and sample damage from the test fixtures; all compromise the accuracy of the measurement. This study describes a novel geometry based method of quantifying the wear directly from the worn surface. The method involves measuring the wear patch with a contacting roundness machine and using a numerical model to calculate the wear volume.
The results of this study demonstrate that the geometric method offers a more accurate means of determining the wear volume from hip joint wear studies, free from the sources of inaccuracy affecting the gravimetric method. The method can also be applied to the assessment of wear volume from clinical retrievals for which the baseline weight cannot be determined. The proposed method is a valuable alternative to the gravimetric method for measuring wear in hip joints, especially for large samples and clinical retrievals where the gravimetric method becomes more difficult or even impossible.
Here, we report strain-induced high coercivity in La 0.7 Sr 0.3 CoO 3 (LSCO) films, which suffer in-plane tensile strains due to the positive lattice mismatch between the substrate and the LSCO bulk. ...The films on (011)-0.7Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.3PbTiO 3 exhibit large uniaxial anisotropy, large coercivity, and high saturation magnetization at low temperature in contrast to the well soft magnetic behaviors in LSCO bulk. It is found that the coercivity of the 40 nm (001)-LSCO/SrTiO 3 film can be as high as 1.45 T at 10 K and the observed coercivity decreases rapidly as the thickness increases, though the Curie temperature is below room temperature. The large coercivity and anisotropy should be closely related to the strain-induced structural changes and the different orbital ordering of Co 3+ and Co 4+ ions. Meanwhile, the enhanced domain wall pinning by the tensile strain may also contribute to the observed high coercivity.
Abstract To address the needs for a fusion pilot plan design, DIII-D/EAST joint experiments on DIII-D have demonstrated high normalized beta β N ∼ 4.2, toroidal beta β T ∼ 3.3% with q min > 2, q 95 ⩽ ...8 sustained for more than six energy confinement times in high poloidal beta regime. The excellent energy confinement quality ( H 98y2 ∼ 1.8) is achieved with an internal transport barrier at high line-averaged Greenwald density fraction f Gr > 0.9. The trapped gyro-Landau fluid (TGLF) modeling of the transport characteristics shows that the beam-driven rotation does not play an important role in the high confinement quality. The modeling also captures very well several transport features, giving us confidence in using integrated modeling to project these experimental results to future machines. The high-performance phase is terminated by fast-growing modes triggered near the n = 1 ideal-wall kink stability limit. New radio frequency (RF) capabilities for off-axis current drive could remove the residual ohmic current to achieve a fully non-inductive state, and improve the mode–wall coupling to increase the ideal-wall β N limit, enabling sustainment of the fully non-inductive high performance plasma in stationary conditions.
Antenna model for wire lasers Orlova, E E; Hovenier, J N; Klaassen, T O ...
Physical review letters,
05/2006, Letnik:
96, Številka:
17
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
An antenna model is proposed for long (L >> A) lasers with subwavelength cross sections (wire lasers). It is shown that the far-field pattern of the wire lasers is determined by the ratio of the ...wavelength to the length. The radiation of the wire laser is predicted to be concentrated in a narrow beam theta approximately radical(2lambda/L) for laser modes where the longitudinal phase velocity is in synchronism with the velocity of light in air. Experimental results obtained using a terahertz quantum cascade wire laser are in agreement with the model.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculating high-moisture corn (HMC) with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. In the first experiment, HMC ...(73% DM) was ground and treated with nothing, L. buchneri 40788 to achieve 6.6 x 10⁵ cfu/g of HMC (LB), a mixture of enzymes (ENZ), LB + ENZ, or 0.1% (wet weight basis) of a liquid mold inhibitor and was ensiled in 20-L bucket silos for 90 d. Treatments with LB and LB + ENZ increased the concentrations of acetic acid and improved the aerobic stability of ground HMC relative to other treatments. Treatment ENZ had no effect on the chemical composition or aerobic stability of ground HMC. The only effect of the liquid mold inhibitor relative to untreated HMC was that it increased the concentration of propionic acid, but this did not improve its aerobic stability. In a second experiment, HMC (75% DM) was harvested as the intact, whole grain and treated with nothing, L. buchneri 40788 to achieve 4 x 10⁵ cfu/g of HMC, L. buchneri 40788 to achieve 6 x 10⁵ cfu/g of HMC, or L. buchneri 40788 to achieve 8 x 10⁵ cfu/g of HMC and ensiled for 120 d. Treatments with L. buchneri 40788 resulted in whole HMC with lower concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates; higher concentrations of lactic, acetic, and propionic acids; and greater numbers of lactic acid bacteria but fewer molds when compared with untreated corn. As a group, inoculated silages were more aerobically stable than untreated silage, but increasing levels of application did not further improve the response. These experiments showed that addition of L. buchneri 40788, but not addition of an enzyme mixture or a liquid mold inhibitor, improved the aerobic stability of ground and whole HMC harvested between 73 and 75% DM.
Two-particle correlation measurements projected onto two-dimensional, transverse rapidity coordinates (yT1,yT2), allow access to dynamical properties of the QCD medium produced in relativistic ...heavy-ion collisions that angular correlation measurements are not sensitive to. Here, we report non-identified charged-particle correlations for Au + Au minimum-bias collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV taken by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). Correlations are presented as 2D functions of transverse rapidity for like-sign, unlike-sign and all charged-particle pairs, as well as for particle pairs whose relative azimuthal angles lie on the near-side, the away-side, or at all relative azimuth. The correlations are constructed using charged particles with transverse momentum pT ≥ 0.15 GeV/c, pseudorapidity from –1 to 1, and azimuthal angles from –π to π. The significant correlation structures that are observed evolve smoothly with collision centrality. The major correlation features include a saddle shape plus a broad peak with maximum near yT ≈ 3, corresponding to pT ≈ 1.5 GeV/c. The broad peak is observed in both like- and unlike-sign charge combinations and in near- and away-side relative azimuthal angles. The all-charge, all-azimuth correlation measurements are compared with the theoretical predictions of HIJING and EPOS. The results indicate that the correlations for peripheral to mid-central collisions can be approximately described as a superposition of nucleon + nucleon collisions with minimal effects from the QCD medium. Strong medium effects are indicated in mid- to most-central collisions.
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