Cavity magnon polaritons are mixed quasiparticles that arise from the strong coupling between cavity photons and quantized magnons. Combining high-speed photons with long-coherence-time magnons, such ...polaritons promise to be a potential candidate for quantum information processing. For harnessing coherent information contained in spatially distributed polariton states, it is highly desirable to manipulate cavity magnon polaritons in a two-dimensional system. Here, we demonstrate that tunable cavity magnon polariton transport can be achieved by strongly coupling magnons to microwave photons in a cross-cavity. An analog to the dynamic Hall effect has been demonstrated in a planar cavity spintronic device, where the propagation of cavity-magnon-polaritons is deflected transversally due to hybrid magnon-photon dynamics. Implementing this device as a Michelson-type interferometer using the coherent nature of the dynamic Hall and longitudinal signals, we have developed a proof-of-principle logic device to control the amplitude of cavity-magnon-polaritons by encoding the input microwave phase.
Phytases are a group of enzymes capable of releasing phosphates from phytates, one of the major forms of phosphorus (P) in animal feeds of plant origin. These enzymes have been widely used in animal ...feed to improve phosphorus nutrition and to reduce phosphorus pollution in animal waste. This review covers the basic nomenclature and crystal structures of phytases and emphasizes both the protein engineering strategies used for the development of new, effective phytases with improved properties and the potential biotechnological applications of phytases.
Cracks in solid-state materials are typically irreversible. Here we report electrically reversible opening and closing of nanoscale cracks in an intermetallic thin film grown on a ferroelectric ...substrate driven by a small electric field (~0.83 kV/cm). Accordingly, a nonvolatile colossal electroresistance on-off ratio of more than 10
is measured across the cracks in the intermetallic film at room temperature. Cracks are easily formed with low-frequency voltage cycling and remain stable when the device is operated at high frequency, which offers intriguing potential for next-generation high-frequency memory applications. Moreover, endurance testing demonstrates that the opening and closing of such cracks can reach over 10
cycles under 10-μs pulses, without catastrophic failure of the film.
In order to understand the aging and processing of organic aerosols (OA), an intensive field campaign (Campaign of Air Pollution at Typical Coastal Areas IN Eastern China, CAPTAIN) was conducted ...March–April at a receptor site (a Changdao island) in central eastern China. Multiple fast aerosol and gas measurement instruments were used during the campaign, including a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) that was applied to measure mass concentrations and non-refractory chemical components of submicron particles (PM1nr). The average mass concentration of PM1(PM1nr+black carbon) was 47 ± 36 μg m−3 during the campaign and showed distinct variation, depending on back trajectories and their overlap with source regions. Organic aerosol (OA) is the largest component of PM1 (30%), followed by nitrate (28%), sulfate (19%), ammonium (15%), black carbon (6%), and chloride (3%). Four OA components were resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the high-resolution spectra, including low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA), semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and a coal combustion OA (CCOA). The mass spectrum of CCOA had high abundance of fragments from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (m/z 128, 152, 178, etc.). The average atomic ratio of oxygen to carbon in OA (O / C) at Changdao was 0.59, which is comparable to other field studies reported at locations downwind of large pollution sources, indicating the oxidized nature of most OA during the campaign. The evolution of OA elemental composition in the van Krevelen diagram (H / C vs. O / C) showed a slope of −0.63; however, the OA influenced by coal combustion exhibits a completely different evolution that appears dominated by physical mixing. The aging of organic aerosols vs. photochemical age was investigated. It was shown that OA / ΔCO, as well as LV-OOA / ΔCO and SV-OOA / ΔCO, positively correlated with photochemical age. LV-OOA accounted for 73% of the OA secondary formation (SOA) in the oldest plumes (photochemical age of 25 h). The kOH at Changdao, by assuming SOA formation and aging as a first-order process proportional to OH, was calculated to be 5.2 × 10−12 cm3 molec.−1 s−1, which is similar to those determined in recent studies of polluted air in other continents.
Long bones and the cranial base are both formed through endochondral ossification. Elongation of long bones is primarily through the growth plate, which is a cartilaginous structure at the end of ...long bones made up of chondrocytes. Growth plate chondrocytes are organized in columns along the longitudinal axis of bone growth. The cranial base is the growth center of the neurocranium. Synchondroses, consisting of mirror-image growth plates, are critical for cranial base elongation and development. Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in determining the roles of the parathyroid hormone–related protein, Indian hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt signaling pathways in various aspects of skeletal development. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates the important role of the primary cilia signaling pathway in bone elongation. Here, we review the development of the growth plate and cranial synchondrosis and the regulation by the above-mentioned signaling pathways, highlighting the similarities and differences between these 2 structures.
The perfect absorption of electromagnetic waves has promoted many applications, including photovoltaics, radar cloaking, and molecular detection. Unlike conventional methods of critical coupling that ...require asymmetric boundaries or coherent perfect absorption that require multiple coherent incident beams, here we demonstrate single-beam perfect absorption in an on-chip cavity magnonic device without breaking its boundary symmetry. By exploiting magnon-mediated interference between two internal channels, both reflection and transmission of our device can be suppressed to zero, resulting in magnon-induced nearly perfect absorption (MIPA). Such interference can be tuned by the strength and direction of an external magnetic field, thus showing versatile controllability. Furthermore, the same multi-channel interference responsible for MIPA also produces level attraction (LA)-like hybridization between a cavity magnon polariton mode and a cavity photon mode, demonstrating that LA-like hybridization can be surprisingly realized in a coherently coupled system.
We develop a method for universally resolving the important issue of separating spin pumping from spin rectification signals in bilayer spintronics devices. This method is based on the characteristic ...distinction of spin pumping and spin rectification, as revealed in their different angular and field symmetries. It applies generally for analyzing charge voltages in bilayers induced by the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), independent of FMR line shape. Hence, it solves the outstanding problem that device-specific microwave properties restrict the universal quantification of the spin Hall angle in bilayer devices via FMR experiments. Furthermore, it paves the way for directly measuring the nonlinear evolution of spin current generated by spin pumping. The spin Hall angle in a Py/Pt bilayer is thereby directly measured as 0.021±0.015 up to a large precession cone angle of about 20°.
The emerging field of cavity spintronics utilizes the cavity magnon polariton (CMP) induced by magnon Rabi oscillations. In contrast to a single-spin quantum system, such a cooperative spin dynamics ...in the linear regime is governed by the classical physics of harmonic oscillators. It makes the magnon Rabi frequency independent of the photon Fock state occupation, and thereby restricts the quantum application of CMP. Here we show that a feedback cavity architecture breaks the harmonic-oscillator restriction. By increasing the feedback photon number, we observe an increase in the Rabi frequency, accompanied with the evolution of CMP to a cavity magnon triplet and a cavity magnon quintuplet. We present a theory that explains these features. Our results reveal the physics of cooperative polariton dynamics in feedback-coupled cavities, and open up new avenues for exploiting the light-matter interactions.
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