Obtaining information on the genetic diversity and population structure of germplasm facilitates its use in wheat breeding programs. Recently, with the development of next-generation sequencing ...technology, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) has been used as a high-throughput and cost-effective molecular tool for examination of the genetic diversity of wheat breeding lines. In this study, GBS was used to characterize a population of 180 accessions of common wheat originating from Asia and Europe between the latitudes 30° and 45°N. In total, 24,767 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used for analysis of genetic diversity and population structure. The B genome contained the highest number of SNPs, followed by the A and D genomes. The polymorphism information content was in the range of 0.1 to 0.4, with a mean of 0.26. The distribution of SNPs markers on the 21 chromosomes ranged from 243 on chromosome 4D to 2,337 on chromosome 3B. Structure and cluster analyses divided the panel of accessions into two subgroups (G1 and G2). G1 principally consisted of European and partial Asian accessions, and G2 comprised mainly accessions from the Middle East and partial Asia. Molecular analysis of variance showed that the genetic variation was greater within groups (99%) than between groups (1%). Comparison of the two subgroups indicated that G1 and G2 contained a high level of genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of G2 was slightly higher as indicated by the observed heterozygosity (H o) = 0.23, and unbiased diversity index (uh) = 0.34. The present results will not only help breeders to understand the genetic diversity of wheat germplasm on the Eurasian continent between the latitudes of 30° and 45°N, but also provide valuable information for wheat genetic improvement through introgression of novel genetic variation in this region.
Boron (B) deficiency is an agricultural problem that causes significant yield losses in many countries. B transporters (
BOR
s) are responsible for B uptake and distribution and play important roles ...in yield formation. A comprehensive analysis of the
BOR
family members in common wheat is still lacking. In the present study, to clarify the molecular characterization and response to B status, genome-wide
TaBOR
genes and expression patterns were investigated. Fourteen
TaBOR
genes were identified in common wheat by a homology search. The corresponding phylogenetic tree indicated that 14
TaBOR
genes were separately classified into subfamilies of
TaBOR1
,
TaBOR3
, and
TaBOR4
. All
TaBOR
genes had 12–14 extrons and 11–13 introns. Most
TaBOR
proteins contained 10 conserved motifs, and motifs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 constituted the conserved bicarbonate (HCO
3
–
) domain. Fourteen
TaBOR
genes were mapped on 13 chromosomes mainly distributed in the first, third, fifth, and seventh homologous groups. The promoters of
TaBOR
genes consisted of phytohormones, light responses, and stress-related cis-elements. GO analysis indicated that
TaBOR
genes were enriched in terms of transmembrane transport and ion homeostasis.
TaBOR
genes showed diverse expression profiles in different tissues. The members of the
TaBOR1
subfamily showed high expression in grains, leaves, roots, stems, and spikes, but members of the
TaBOR4
subfamily were highly expressed only in spikes and grains. RT–qPCR indicated that
TaBOR1-5A
,
TaBOR1-5B
, and
TaBOR1-5D
were induced by low B concentrations and had much higher expression in roots than in shoots.
TaBOR3-3A
,
TaBOR3-3B
,
TaBOR3-3D
,
TaBOR4-1A
,
TaBOR4-1B
,
TaBOR4-1D
, and
TaBOR3-4B
were induced by low and high B concentrations and had high expression in roots and shoots.
TaBOR3-4D
and
TaBOR3-7B
were upregulated by low and high B concentrations, respectively, but had expression only in roots. Our results provide basic information on the
TaBOR
family, which is beneficial for elucidating the functions of
TaBOR
genes to overcome the problem of B deficiency.
In this study, the mitochondrial genome of Thinopyrum obtusiflorum was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The complete circular mitogenome of Th. obtusiflorum is 390,725 bp in length and the ...overall A + T content of mitogenome is 55.61%. It harbors 33 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 21 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), six ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 20 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Th. obtusiflorum is a sister to the clade including Aegilops speltoides, Triticum aestivum, and Triticum aestivum cultivar Chinese Yumai in the Triticeae.
The continuous release of antibiotics into agroecosystems has raised concerns about the potential negative effects of antibiotic residues on crops. In this study, the toxicological effects of ...enrofloxacin (ENR) on wheat seedlings were analyzed using a combination of morpho-physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. ENR inhibited the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots and induced oxidative stress. In particular, ENR downregulated the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, while it enhanced glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby regulating the balance of intracellular energy metabolism. In addition, sustained exposure to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH), a slight decrease in ascorbic acid (AsA), and a significant decrease in the ratio of GSH to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), which imbalanced the AsA-GSH cycle. In addition, the resulting increase in abnormal proteins triggered ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation pathways. Further, an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and a decrease in jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives alleviated the inhibitory effect of ENR on the growth of wheat roots. In conclusion, direct damage and signaling by ROS, hormonal regulation, a decrease in the GSH to GSSG ratio, and insufficient energy supply were identified as key factors for the significant inhibition of wheat root growth under ENR stress.
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•Enrofloxacin inhibited wheat growth and induced oxidative stress.•Enrofloxacin causes dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.•Enrofloxacin induces enhancement of the carbon metabolism pathway.•The ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation pathway plays an important role.•The imbalanced AsA-GSH cycle highlights the role of GST in ROS scavenging.
Artemisinin is a compound extracted from
Artemisia annua
L. with a remarkable curative effect against malaria. It can be extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and then detected via ...HPLC. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize UAE conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of artemisinin. Three independent variables (ratio of solvent to material, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power) were evaluated using the Box-Behnken experimental design, with the yield of artemisinin as a response variable. Experimental data were highly fitted to a mathematical-regression model using multiple linear regression (MLR). Based on response surface plots, the three independent variables exhibited interactive effects on the yield of artemisinin. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: 42.71 mL/g ratio of solvent to material, 41.86°C extraction temperature and 120 W ultrasonic power. The predicted yield of artemisinin by model was 0.7848%, whereas the actual yield in the extracts was 0.7826% ± 0.0790% in adjusted optimal conditions, with a relative error of 0.28%. The results undoubtedly demonstrated that RSM could be used to explore the optimum conditions of artemisinin extraction.
Net utility maximization based scheduling model Haijun Zhu; Yanan Song; Qian Zhong ...
Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology,
2011-Aug., Letnik:
4
Conference Proceeding
In the traditional utility-based scheduling research, all the network traffics were divided into such categories as VOIP, IPTV, TCP and HTTP, applications of which were not differentiated, resulting ...in the loss of both fairness among applications and utility maximization of the network. In order to solve this problem, applications for each category of traffics are identified as those of charge or no charge. Hence, a net utility maximization based scheduling model is established to provide the appropriate algorithm. Finally, the validity of the algorithm is verified through simulated experiment.
We used the allele-specific PCR-double digestion method on peripheral myelin protein 22 （PMP22） to determine duplication and deletion mutations in the proband and family members of one family with ...Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 and one family with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. The proband and one subclinical family member from the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 family had a PMP22 gene duplication; one patient from the hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies family had a PMP22 gene deletion. Electron microscopic analysis of ultrathin sections of the superficial peroneal nerve from the two probands demonstrated demyelination and myelin sheath hyperplasia, as well as an ＇onion-like＇ structure in the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient. We observed an irregular thickened myelin sheath and ＇mouse-nibbled＇-Iike changes in the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. In the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient, nerve electrophysiological examination revealed moderate-to-severe reductions in the motor and sensory conduction velocities of the bilateral median nerve, ulnar nerve, tibial nerve, and sural nerve. Moreover, the compound muscle action potential amplitude was decreased. In the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies, the nerve conduction velocity of the bilateral tibial nerve and sural nerve was moderately reduced, and the nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve and ulnar nerve of both upper extremities was slightly reduced.
•Gold nanoparticles was functionalized by 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole (AHMT) and then applied to detect kanamycin based on hydrogen-bonding recognition.•A low detection limit of ...0.004μM was obtained for kanamycin detection.•The sensor showed an application potential for detecting kanamycin in various samples.•The sensor demonstrated another promising application of gold nanoparticles in simple and sensitive detection of organic molecules.
The authors here described a visual detection strategy employing 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole (AHMT) functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to detect kanamycin (KA) in various samples. The AHMT with mercapto group was self-assembled onto the surface of AuNPs and the AHMT functionalized AuNPs (AHMT-AuNPs) aggregated when KA existed owing to the hydrogen-bonding interaction between KA and AHMT. As a result, the color of the AHMT-AuNPs solution changed from wine red-to-deep purple with the increasing concentration of KA. Taking advantage of the hydrogen-bonding interaction, KA could be quantitatively detected by the proposed sensor in the range of 0.005–0.1μM and 0.1–20μM, with the detection limit as low as 0.004μM which is much lower than the maximum contamination level for KA in milk defined by the European Union. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was not affected by the interference chemicals including common amine acid, antibiotics, and metal ions. The sensor was also used to detect KA from various real samples, and the results were excellent in accord with the values measured by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This sensor exhibited a promising potential for simple and real-time detection of KA in various real samples.
Evidence of the effects of long-term fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is rare for populations exposed to high levels of PM2.5 in China and in other countries ...with similarly high levels.
The aim of this study was to assess the CVD risks associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5 in China.
A nationwide cohort study, China-PAR (Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China), was used, with 116,972 adults without CVD in 2000 being included. Participants were followed until 2015. Satellite-based PM2.5 concentrations at 1-km spatial resolution during the study period were used for exposure assessment. A Cox proportional hazards model with time-varying exposures was used to estimate the CVD risks associated with PM2.5 exposure, adjusting for individual risk factors.
Annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 at the China-PAR sites ranged from 25.5 to 114.0 μg/m3. For each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposures, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio was 1.251 (95% confidence interval: 1.220 to 1.283) for CVD incidence and 1.164 (95% confidence interval: 1.117 to 1.213) for CVD mortality. The slopes of concentration-response functions of PM2.5 exposure and CVD risks were steeper at high PM2.5 levels. In addition, older residents, rural residents, and never smokers were more prone to adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure.
This study provides evidence that elevated long-term PM2.5 exposures lead to increased CVD risk in China. The effects are more pronounced at higher PM2.5 levels. These findings expand the current knowledge on adverse health effects of severe air pollution and highlight the potential cardiovascular benefits of air quality improvement in China and other low- and middle-income countries.
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In situ Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for probing the structure and phase composition of the electrode materials that are undergoing charge-discharge process. Herein, the charge storage ...mechanism of as-prepared Ni(HCO3)2 nanomaterial is successfully studied by using the in situ Raman spectroscopy. The charge storage can be attributed to the deep oxidation of Ni2+ into Ni3+, and the irreversible phase transformation of γ-NiOOH into disordered β-Ni(OH)2 damages the crystal structure of Ni(HCO3)2, arousing the capacity loss of the electrode during the long-term cycling process. Under the guidance of the experimental investigations, a porous Ni(HCO3)2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite is designed and synthesized, exhibiting ultrahigh specific capacity (846 C g−1) and excellent rate capability (618 C g−1 at 20 A g−1). When coupled with an negative electrode based on rGO, the resulting hybrid supercapacitor shows an ultrahigh energy density of 66 Wh kg−1 at power density of 1.9 kW kg−1 and good cycling stability. These findings provide important insight into the mechanism of charge storage, and scientific basis for design of high-performance energy storage materials.
A porous Ni(HCO3)2/rGO nanocomposite used as a positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitor delivers high energy density, superior rate capability and good cycling stability. The energy storage behavior and structural evolution of the Ni(HCO3)2 nanomaterial are carefully investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Display omitted
•The Ni(HCO3)2/rGO nanocomposite was successfully prepared, demonstrating high capacity and excellent rate performance.•The energy storage mechanism of the Ni(HCO3)2 is investigated by using in situ Raman spectroscopy.•The hybrid supercapacitor demonstrates ultrafast energy storage capability.
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