The physicochemical properties of chitosan obtained from the shells of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) and prepared via subcritical water pretreatment were examined. At the deacetylation ...temperature of 90 °C, the yield, ash content, and molecular weight of chitosan in the shells prepared via subcritical water pretreatment were 12.2%, 0.6%, and 1187.2 kDa, respectively. These values were lower than those of shells prepared via sodium hydroxide pretreatment. At the deacetylation temperature of 120 °C, a similar trend was observed in chitosan molecular weight, but differences in chitosan yield and ash content were not remarkable. At the same deacetylation temperature, the structures of chitosan prepared via sodium hydroxide and subcritical water pretreatments were not substantially different. However, the compactness and thermal stability of chitosan prepared via sodium hydroxide pretreatment was lower than those of chitosan prepared via subcritical water pretreatment. Compared with the chitosan prepared by sodium hydroxide pretreatment, the chitosan prepared by subcritical water pretreatment was easier to use in preparing oligosaccharides, including (GlcN)
, via enzymatic hydrolysis with chitosanase. Results suggested that subcritical water pretreatment can be potentially used for the pretreatment of crustacean shells. The residues obtained via this method can be utilized to prepare chitosan.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive malignant tumor in brain neuroepithelial tumors and remains incurable. A variety of treatment options are currently being explored to improve patient ...survival, including small molecule inhibitors, viral therapies, cancer vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among them, the unique advantages of small molecule inhibitors have made them a focus of attention in the drug discovery of glioblastoma. Currently, the most used chemotherapeutic agents are small molecule inhibitors that target key dysregulated signaling pathways in glioblastoma, including receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, DNA damage response, TP53 and cell cycle inhibitors. This review analyzes the therapeutic benefit and clinical development of novel small molecule inhibitors discovered as promising anti-glioblastoma agents by the related targets of these major pathways. Meanwhile, the recent advances in temozolomide resistance and drug combination are also reviewed. In the last part, due to the constant clinical failure of targeted therapies, this paper reviewed the research progress of other therapeutic methods for glioblastoma, to provide patients and readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment landscape of glioblastoma.
The dominating targets of glioblastoma (GBM) and corresponding clinical small molecule inhibitors. Synergistic theoretical basis of representative small molecule PARP inhibitors in combination with temozolomide. Display omitted
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellite markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are routinely used for molecular assisted-selection breeding, comparative genomic analysis, and ...genetic diversity studies. In this study, we investigated 54,546 ESTs for the identification and development of SSR markers in
(Patchouli). In total, 1219 SSRs were identified from 1144 SSR-containing ESTs. Trinucleotides (80.8%) were the most abundant SSRs, followed by di- (10.8%), mono- (7.1%), and hexa-nucleotides (1.3%). The top six motifs were CCG/CGG (15.3%), AAG/CTT (15.0%), ACC/GGT (13.5%), AGG/CCT (12.4%), ATC/ATG (9.9%), and AG/CT (9.8%). On the basis of these SSR-containing ESTs, a total of 192 primer pairs were randomly designed and used for polymorphism analysis in 38 accessions collected from different geographical regions of Guangdong, China. Of the SSR markers, 45 were polymorphic and had allele variations from two to four. Furthermore, a transferability analysis of these primer pairs revealed a 10⁻40% cross-species transferability in 10 related species. This report is the first comprehensive study on the development and analysis of a large set of SSR markers in
. These markers have the potential to be used in quantitative trait loci mapping, genetic diversity studies, and the fingerprinting of cultivars of
Abstract
To investigate the protein–starch interactions in myofibrillar protein gels under the ultrasonic pretreatment, the effect of cassava starch content and ultrasonic pretreatment on gelling ...properties of myofibrillar protein from
Lateolabrax japonicus
was studied. For the myofibrillar protein–starch (MPS) solutions, the turbidity and elastic modulus increased when the starch content increased from 0% to 8%. For the MPS gels, the hardness, chewiness, gumminess, and water holding capacity increased with the starch content, whereas the cooking loss and whiteness decreased. Starch incorporation promoted the conversion of free water to immobilized water and bound water. The active sulfhydryl content decreased with the starch content, whereas the hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction content increased. Fine network structure containing pores at uniform size was formed in the MPS gel at an increased starch content, as shown in the scanning electron microscope images. When the ultrasonic pretreatment was introduced, the elastic modulus of MPS solutions and hardness, chewiness, gumminess, hydrophobic interaction, β‐sheet content, and microstructural compactness of the MPS gels increased, whereas the turbidity of the MPS solutions and cooking loss, whiteness, free water content, active sulfhydryl content, and random coil content of the MPS gels decreased. The MPS gel containing 8% of starch and subjected to ultrasonic pretreatment showed the highest hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of 220, 150, and 160 g, while the lowest cooking loss of 2.5% among all samples. Therefore, the gelling properties of myofibrillar protein from
L. japonicus
could be enhanced by the starch incorporation, ultrasonic pretreatment, and their synergistic effect.
The leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILRs) are constituted by five inhibitory subpopulations (LILRB1-5) and six stimulatory subpopulations (LILRA1-6). The LILR populations substantially ...reside in immune cells, especially myeloid cells, functioning as a regulator in immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory responses, during which the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are widely involved. In addition, LILRs are also distributed in certain tumor cells, implicated in the malignancy progression. Collectively, the suppressive Ig-like LILRB2 is relatively well-studied to date. Herein, we summarized the whole family of LILRs and their biologic function in various diseases upon ligation to the critical ligands, therefore providing more information on their potential roles in these pathological processes and giving the clinical significance of strategies targeting LILRs.
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by the loss of cognitive abilities through the death of central neuronal cells. In this study, structure-based virtual screens ...of 2 central nervous system-targeted libraries followed by molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area rescoring were performed to discover novel, selective butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors, which are one of the most effective therapeutic strategies for the treatments in late-stage AD. Satisfyingly, compound 5 was identified as a highly selective low micromolar inhibitor of BChE (BChE IC50 = 1.4 μM). The binding mode prediction and kinetic analysis were performed to obtain detailed information about compound 5. Besides, a preliminary structure–activity relationship investigation of compound 5 was carried out for further development of the series. The present results provided a valuable chemical template with a novel scaffold for the development of selective BChE inhibitors.
•Large proportions of inpatients with COVID-19 had mental health problems.•Sex and levels of inflammatory markers were related to mental health symptoms.•Self-perceived illness severity mediated ...effect of disease duration on mental health.
To evaluate the mental health status of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to explore the related factors.
This was a cross-sectional survey among COVID-19 inpatients in two isolation wards of a designated hospital in Wuhan, China, from March 7, 2020, to March 24, 2020. Participants’ demographic data, clinical data and levels of circulating inflammatory markers were collated. Mental health symptoms were evaluated with questionnaires, which included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, and questions about patients’ self-perceived illness severity. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to explore factors that associated with mental symptoms, and a structural equation model (SEM) was used to assess the possible relationships between those factors and the patients’ mental health.
Among the 85 participants, 45.9% had symptoms of depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 5), 38.8% had anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 5), and 54.1% had insomnia (ISI ≥ 8). According to multivariate regression analysis, female sex, a higher level of interleukin (IL)-1β and greater self-perceived illness severity were all significantly associated with a higher PHQ-9 score, higher GAD-7 score and higher ISI score. In addition, the disease duration and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were positively related to patients’ self-perceived illness severity. The results of the SEM analyses suggested that sex (β = 0.313, P < 0.001), self-perceived illness severity (β = 0.411, P < 0.001) and levels of inflammatory markers (β = 0.358, P = 0.002) had direct effects on patients’ mental health. The disease duration (β = 0.163, P = 0.003) and levels of inflammatory markers (β = 0.101, P = 0.016) also indirectly affected patients’ mental health, with self-perceived illness severity acting as a mediator.
A majority of COVID-19 infected inpatients reported experiencing mental health disturbances. Female sex, disease duration, levels of inflammatory markers and self-perceived illness severity are factors that could be used to predict the severity of patients’ mental symptoms.
The effect of soy protein isolate (SPI) preheating temperature on the physicochemical properties of SPI-oil emulsion (SPI-OE) films was investigated. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break ...(EAB) of the SPI-OE films prepared from SPI preheated at 45 °C were 7.90 MPa and 59.30%, respectively. The TS of the SPI-OE films increased with the preheating temperature of SPI, whereas the EAB first increased and then decreased. Discrepancy between the contact angles in the upper and lower surfaces of the films gradually increased with preheating temperature. When the preheating temperature of SPI was higher than 75 °C, oil droplets accumulated on the upper surfaces of the SPI-OE films, as shown in the scanning electron micrographs, and the intensity of absorption peak (1744 cm−1) obtained through infrared spectroscopy decreased. No obvious change in protein molecular weight was found in the SPI-OE films with increasing preheating temperature, but the glass transition temperature increased.
•The highest elongation of SPI-OE film was prepared from SPI preheated at 60 °C.•Thermal stability of film from SPI preheated at 45 °C was lower than the other.•Contact angle of lower film surface decreased as preheating temperature increased.•Oil distribution in films could be related to viscosity of film-forming emulsion.•Protein-oil interaction was enhanced by increasing SPI preheating temperature.
Gastric cancer has the highest incidence among all types of malignant tumors. The rapid development of high-throughput gene technology has greatly promoted people’s understanding of gastric cancer at ...the molecular level. However, there is a lack of information in single omics data, so dimensionality reduction is an effective method to overcome the dimensionality disaster of omics data. omics data has the characteristics of being multivariate and high-dimensional, which affects the efficiency of classification. Therefore, dimensionality reduction is an effective method to overcome the dimensionality disaster of omics data. However, neural network learning algorithm is seldom used to improve classification accuracy when feature selection of multi-omics data is carried out, therefore, in this study, a random forest deep feature selection (RDFS) algorithm was proposed. By integrating gene expression (Exp) data and copy number variation (CNV) data, the dimensions of multi-omics data were reduced and improve the classification accuracy by using a random forest and deep neural network. The results showed that the accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of multi-omics data were better than that of single-omics data under the RDFS algorithm. With other feature selection algorithms, RDFS also had a higher prediction accuracy and AUC. We also validated the effect of feature selection on RDFS. Finally, survival analysis was used to evaluate the important genes identified during feature selection and to obtain enrichment gene ontology (GO) terms and biological pathways for these genes.
•This manuscript main purpose is to integrate the omics data of gastric cancer.•Multi-omics integration analysis can use the cross-complementarity among omics to explore the correlation between different omics, which can make up for the information shortage of single omics.•In the research of feature selection algorithms for multi-grouping data, most of them use it has low classification performance. RDFS has a neural network in it, the accuracy of classification is greatly improved by neural network.
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