In order to schedule the virtual power plant and corresponding energy market operation, a two-scenario Stackelberg game-theoretic model is proposed to describe interactions between market operator ...and VPP operator. During market operation, the market operator is a leader of the game to decide market cleaning prices, considering the power loss minimization of VPP operator, whereas during VPP operation, the VPP operator becomes a leader to facilitate the demand side management (DSM) through proper monetary compensation, considering the market trading balance between power sellers and power buyers. An optimal scheduling strategy including power dispatch and market balance will be realised. Case studies prove the effectiveness of the proposed Stackelberg game-theoretic model through IEEE 30-bus test system. The market scheduling promotes the power exchange among VPPs. The VPP scheduling evaluates the optimal monetary compensation rate to motivate the DSM including load shifting and load curtailment.
Governments' net zero emission target aims at increasing the share of renewable energy sources as well as influencing the behaviours of consumers to support the cost-effective balancing of energy ...supply and demand. These will be achieved by the advanced information and control infrastructures of smart grids which allow the interoperability among various stakeholders. Under this circumstance, increasing number of consumers produce, store, and consume energy, giving them a new role of prosumers. The integration of prosumers and accommodation of incurred bidirectional flows of energy and information rely on two key factors: flexible structures of energy markets and intelligent operations of power systems. The blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) are innovative technologies to fulfil these two factors, by which the blockchain provides decentralised trading platforms for energy markets and the AI supports the optimal operational control of power systems. This paper attempts to address how to incorporate the blockchain and AI in the smart grids for facilitating prosumers to participate in energy markets. To achieve this objective, first, this paper reviews how policy designs price carbon emissions caused by the fossil-fuel based generation so as to facilitate the integration of prosumers with renewable energy sources. Second, the potential structures of energy markets with the support of the blockchain technologies are discussed. Last, how to apply the AI for enhancing the state monitoring and decision making during the operations of power systems is introduced.
TQ124.42; Increasing demand is fueling the booming polyurethane industry worldwide.An impeding issue for polyurethane industry is how to handle the large quantity of hydrogen chloride byproduct ...generated from the synthesis of intermediates,i.e.,isocyanates.In the meantime,the traditional chloro-alkaline process suffers both from the high energy intensity of electrolysis method and the disparity in the chlorine and caustic soda market.To solve these problems,the state-of-the-art chlorine recycling technologies are reviewed and compared.Approaches for cost-effective utilization of chlorine in polyurethane industry are investigated.Chinese academies and enterprises' on-going effort on the development of a novel hydrogen chloride oxidation process for the synthesis of chlorine is presented.With this process,the closed loop recycling of chlorine can be realized.Tremendous economic,environmental and social benefits can be expected.A wide adoption of this technology will significantly advance the sustainable development of polyurethane industry.
Energy Hub is expected to be one of the most effective methods to address the integrated system with multiple energy carriers. In this work, an Energy Hub scheduling method is proposed, which could ...not only meet various energy load demands but also address the transmission line loss and voltage stability influences. The proposed method is then evaluated by case studies, where the electricity network and thermal network are implemented on the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The proposed scheduling method is run online with real-time monitoring of the whole system operation status. Results show that the proposed Energy Hub scheduling method is able to reduce the hub operating cost while improving the overall voltage profile.
Increasing demand is fueling the booming polyurethane industry worldwide. An impeding issue for poly- urethane industry is how to handle the large quantity of hydrogen chloride byproduct generated ...from the synthesis of intermediates, i.e., isocyanates. In the meantime, the traditional chloro-alkaline process sufibrs both from the high en- ergy intensity of electrolysis method and the disparity in the chlorine and caustic soda market. To solve these prob- lems, the state-of-the-art chlorine recycling technologies are reviewed and compared. Approaches for cost-effective utilization of chlorine in polyurethane industry are investigated. Chinese academies and enterprises＇ on-going effort on the development of a novel hydrogen chloride oxidation process for the synthesis of chlorine is presented. With this process, the closed loop recycling of chlorine can be realized. Tremendous economic, environmental and social bene- fits can be expected. A wide adoption of this technology will significantly advance the sustainable development of polyurethane industry.
Ein hoch selektiver Katalysator für die Produktion von C5‐ bis C11‐Isoparaffinen aus Synthesegas beruht auf einem mesoporösen Zeolith. Die Selektivität von Ru/meso‐ZSM‐5 für diese Kohlenwasserstoffe ...reicht an 80 % heran, wobei das Verhältnis von Isoparaffinen zu n‐Paraffinen 2.7:1 beträgt. Die mesoporöse Struktur und die Acidität von meso‐ZSM‐5 sind entscheidend für die Produktselektivität in sekundären Hydrocrack‐Reaktionen.
Mesoporous beta (meso-beta) zeolites prepared by post-treatment of H-beta with NaOH aqueous solution were studied as supports of Ru catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The size and volume ...of the mesopores increased with the concentration of NaOH. The Brønsted acidity declined because Na+ ions were exchanged into the meso-beta during the post-treatment, and a further ion exchange of the meso-beta with NH4 + followed by calcination, forming H-meso-beta, could recover the Brønsted acidity. The use of H-meso-beta or meso-beta instead of H-beta or Na-beta as the support for FT synthesis decreased the selectivities to CH4 and heavier hydrocarbons (C12 +) and increased that to C5–C11 hydrocarbons. The C5–C11 selectivity depended on the concentration of NaOH used for meso-beta preparation. Under an optimum NaOH concentration, a C5–C11 selectivity of 77%, significantly higher than the maximum expected from Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution (∼45%), was attained with a ratio of isoparaffins to n-paraffins being 2.7. The mesoporosity and the unique acidity of the meso-beta probably contribute to the selective hydrocracking of the primary heavier hydrocarbons formed on Ru nanoparticles into gasoline-range liquid fuels.
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