We investigate whether social capital and trust provide a form of liquidity/trading resilience, more specifically, whether social capital and trust played a role in the speed of stock recovery ...following activation of the market‐wide circuit breaker (MWCB) that occurred at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in March 2020. Our finding that high‐social capital firms rebounded more swiftly in terms of stock liquidity and quality of the stock trading environment provides new evidence that social capital and trust can safeguard firms’ stocks against a potential liquidity drain and rapid deterioration in the stock trading environment under extreme market conditions.
Dexmedetomidine has been reported to reduce mortality in septic rats. This study was designed to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory reaction in lung tissues of septic rats ...induced by CLP. After induction of sepsis, the rats were treated with normal saline or dexmedetomidine (5, 10, or 20 μg/kg). The survival rate of septic rats in 24 h was recorded. The inflammation of lung tissues was evaluated by HE stain. The concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF and plasma were measured by ELISA. The expressions of TLR4 and MyD88 were measured by western blotting. The activation of NF-κB in rat lung tissues was assessed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. It was found that the mortality rate and pulmonary inflammation were significantly increased in septic rats. IL-6 and TNF-α levels in BALF and plasma, NF-κB activity, and TLR4/MyD88 expression in rat lung tissues were markedly enhanced after CLP. Dexmedetomidine (10 and 20 μg/kg) significantly decreased mortality and pulmonary inflammation of septic rats, as well as suppressed CLP-induced elevation of TNF-α and IL-6 and inhibited TLR4/MyD88 expression and NF-κB activation. These results suggest that dexmedetomidine may decrease mortality and inhibit inflammatory reaction in lung tissues of septic rats by suppressing TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
We posit that lender monitoring increases the general outcomes of borrowers' tax avoidance while reducing opportunistic tax aggressive behaviors. We identify four lender related monitoring measures ...that could affect borrowers' tax planning. We find firms with a larger portion of loan shares held by lead lenders, with loans led by reputable lenders, and with a single lending relationship to have more tax avoidance and less tax aggressiveness, and firms with loan sales that weaken lenders' monitoring incentives to have less tax avoidance and more tax aggressiveness. We further find the lender monitoring effect on tax planning to be more pronounced for firms closer to financial distress and bankruptcy.
Lying at the core of human intelligence, relational thinking is characterized by initially relying on innumerable unconscious percepts pertaining to relations between new sensory signals and prior ...knowledge, consequently becoming a recognizable concept or object through coupling and transformation of these percepts. Such mental processes are difficult to model in real-world problems such as in conversational automatic speech recognition (ASR), as the percepts (if they are modelled as graphs indicating relationships among utterances) are supposed to be innumerable and not directly observable. In this paper, we present a Bayesian nonparametric deep learning method called deep graph random process (DGP) that can generate an infinite number of probabilistic graphs representing percepts. We further provide a closed-form solution for coupling and transformation of these percept graphs for acoustic modeling. Our approach is able to successfully infer relations among utterances without using any relational data during training. Experimental evaluations on ASR tasks including CHiME-2 and CHiME-5 demonstrate the effectiveness and benefits of our method.
In this paper, a new space-time coding configuration for target direction finding by active arrays called multi-input multi-output (MIMO) arrays is proposed. Multiple mutually uncorrelated ...(orthogonal) probing signals are transmitted by MIMO array whose steering vectors are the convolution of transmit and receive steering vectors of conventional phased array, which is essentially equivalent to extending the array aperture by additional virtual sensors. These virtual sensors can be used to form narrower beams with lower sidelobes because MIMO array beam pattern is the product of the transmit beam pattern and the receive beam pattern. Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) method for DOA is studied and simulations and experiments show that the MIMO array can achieve better performance in target detection and angular resolution over conventional phased arrays.
In array signal process field, Eigen Increment Threshold (EIT) was widely adopted for its better performance of number-detection than traditional AIC and MDL method. However, EIT has to face the ...challenge of detection probability (PD) descending while the power of sources is quite different. In this paper, after some analysis to the variety of the eigenvalue of auto-correlation matrix, a modification is introduced to improve the PD performance of EIT in the case of unequal power source. Computer simulation results show that the modification is efficient, and bring only tiny increase of computation.
The orthogonal projection iteration for the solutions of a class of constrained matrix equation and the related optimal approximation problem is considered. The iteration method for the symmetric ...ortho-anti-symmetric solution of the matrix equation AX = B is constructed. The convergence of the method is proved and the estimation of the convergence rate is given. The method converges to its least-norm solution when the equation is consistent. Make slight changes of this iteration method, the related optimal approximation solution can also be obtained.
Electrohydraulic shock wave was applied in more and more fields, such as the shock wave lithotripsy. Its focusing quality using reflector geometry was one of the most important factors which may ...influence the effective shock wave power and transmission distance. In this paper, the composition of the shock wave generator and the mechanism of the focusing reflector geometry were introduced at first. A simulation model was then built using 3D Max, which was used to analyze the focusing quality, especially when manufacturing error and installation error present. Based on the result, the maximum error allowed in practice was given, as a reference for reflector design, manufacture and installation.
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