•A collision dependent nucleation model was developed by simulating silver nucleation at different collision conditions.•The model was evaluated by simulating silver particles aggregation.•The model ...was validated by silver crystallization experiments conducted in an in-situ electron microscopy.•The model was applied to the improved synthesis of silver catalysts for ethylene epoxidation.
Nucleation is widely present in nature, from food production to haze generation. Owe to the spatiotemporal limitation in catching the dynamic characters of nucleation process, the theoretical development and the control technique of nucleation is far behind the demand. Here we report a strategy of controlling nucleation process via manipulating the collision of nucleation units, with the aim of disclosing the mechanism dominating the nucleation process. Silver nucleation is simulated at different collision conditions which is regulated by chemicals diffusion and reaction rate. It is found that the nucleation rate has a good linear relationship with the collision frequency, suggesting a collision dependent nucleation model. This model is evaluated by particles-based silver aggregation and validated by experiments conducted in an in-situ electron microscopy. Furthermore, the model is applied to the improved synthesis of silver catalysts for selective partial oxidation of ethylene.
Abstract Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) poses a significant challenge in local treatment, primarily attributed to its intricate tumor immune microenvironment. The immunosuppression of natural ...killer (NK) cells within the microenvironment, exacerbated by selenium (Se) deficiency, constitutes a pivotal treatment bottleneck. Building upon prior investigations, this study delves into the impact and mechanisms of functionalized lentinan selenium nanoparticles (LET‐SeNPs) on NK cells in MPE, presenting a novel local treatment strategy for lung adenocarcinoma with malignant pleural effusion (MPE‐LA). The synergistic application of LET‐SeNPs serves to replenish Se levels in MPE, modulate NK cells, augment their quantity, restore and enhance their functionality. Additionally, LET‐SeNPs facilitate NK cells activation through the TrxR1‐IL18RAP‐pSTAT3 pathway, resulting in effective lung cancer cell eradication and reduced pleural effusion production. Furthermore, pre‐stimulation of NK cells by LET‐SeNPs, combined with CAR‐NK cell therapy, harnesses the innate immune system, exhibiting a potent anti‐tumor effect. This research introduces a compelling strategy to advance the clinical implementation of targeted nanomaterials or lead compounds with explicit targets and mechanisms, thereby enhancing NK cell therapy for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of MPE.
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•H2O2 was produced from water by applying altering current in the electrocatalysis.•H2O2 production was optimized by coupling the oxygen generation and reduction.•Diverse catalysts ...were tested and Ni-Zn catalysts showed the highest productivity.•The in-situ generated H2O2 was used for the partial oxidation of propylene.
We report an approach of direct production of H2O2 from water by applying altering potential in the electrocatalysis. By switching potentials periodically between positive to negative, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs sequentially on a single electrode loaded catalysts, which leads to the reduction of the newly-formed OER active species, forming H2O2 directly. The H2O2 production is dependent on the time and potentials of OER and ORR, which is optimized in this study. Besides, a waiting time is set after each period to let H2O2 diffusion from the catalyst surface. Different catalysts are employed to test the feasibility of this approach, including glassy carbon, graphene oxide, nickel particles, nickel foam, and palladium particles. All these catalysts result in the production of H2O2 at various reaction rates. Ni offers the highest H2O2 productivity. With the prolonging of the reaction time, the decomposition of H2O2 occurs on the surface of Ni catalysts, which is inhibited by the addition of Zn into the catalysts. The in-situ generated H2O2 is used for partial oxidation of propylene by passing propylene into the porous electrode during the reaction, which lead to the formation of dimethyl ether and adipic acid. This study shows a new route of the direct synthesis and utilization of H2O2 for the generation of valuable chemicals.
Electro-Fenton system, a pivotal advanced oxidation process in wastewater treatment, inherently grapples with dual challenges of O2/solute transfer contradiction and Fe-dissolution deactivation. To ...surmount these obstacles, a sandwich Pd/C electrode (SE-Pd/C) featuring a three-phase interface (TPI) was fabricated by coating hydrophilic Pd/C catalyst layers onto hydrophobic graphite felt substrate for enhanced hydroxyl radical production through a green H*-mediated Fenton process. SE-Pd/C demonstrated superior performance with an 88.9% TC removal rate, outperforming hydrophilic (HIE, 68.4%) and hydrophobic (HOE, 47.9%) Pd/C electrodes. The underlying rationale for its high performance includes: (1) The TPI in SE-Pd/C optimized the concurrent mass transfer of O2 and TC, enabling an improved electrostatic TC adsorption capacity of 31.2% (versus 27.3% for HIE-Pd/C and 20.3% for HOE-Pd/C), alongside elevated H2O2 production reaching 8.6 g·L−1 (compared to 0.02 g·L−1 for HIE and 2.0 g·L−1 for HOE); (2) The hydrophilic catalyst layer ensured a rich availability of electrochemically active Pd-sites, facilitating H* generation and subsequent H2O2 activation to form •OH (13.4 × 10−12 M·S > 6.7 × 10−12 M·S of HOE > 4.3 × 10−12 M·S of HIE). As H* could be electro-generated from both H+ and H2O, the SE-Pd/C system manifested robust adaptability across a wide pH range of 3−11, consistently achieving ≥ 88.9% TC removal. Thus, this research pioneered the synergy of TPI with the H*-mediated Fenton process, outlining a potent strategy for bolstered treatment of antibiotic-laden wastewater.
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•Atomic H* played a dominant role in the byproduct-free H2O2 activation process.•Introducing TPI concurrently optimized dissolved pollutant/proton and O2 transfer.•Sandwich Pd/C electrode exhibited excellent H2O2 and •OH generation property.•Sandwich Pd/C electrode achieved efficient TC removal in a wide pH range from 3 to 11.
Abstract
In order to improve the accuracy of tool wear prediction and enhance the real-time application in industrial sites, a tool wear prediction method based on edge data processing and CNN-BiGRU ...neural network is proposed. This method first implements data preprocessing on edge nodes, effectively reducing the amount of data transmission to avoid network link congestion. After that, the CNN-BiGRU neural network was deployed in the cloud for model training. Experimental results show that the tool wear prediction method based on edge data processing and CNN-BiGRU neural network has good real-time performance and high prediction accuracy in simulated industrial field applications.
•Optogenetic activation of SIFa neurons for 1 hour induces sleep.•SIFa neuron activation also causes a circadian phase advance.•Sleep induction is sexually dimorphic – females respond more than ...males.•Gene knockdown shows that SIFa itself is partially responsible for sleep induction.•Brief (10-second) SIFa neuron activation increases rest in both sexes.
Sleep is a universal and extremely complicated function. Sleep is regulated by two systems—sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythms. In a wide range of species, neuropeptides have been found to play a crucial role in the communication and synchronization between different components of both systems. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, SIFamide (SIFa) is a neuropeptide that has been reported to be expressed in 4 neurons in the pars intercerebralis (PI) area of the brain. Previous work has shown that transgenic ablation of SIFa neurons, mutation of SIFa itself, or knockdown of SIFa receptors reduces sleep, suggesting that SIFa is sleep-promoting. However, those were all constitutive manipulations that could have affected development or resulted in compensation, so the role of SIFa signaling in sleep regulation during adulthood remains unclear. In the current study, we examined the sleep-promoting effect of SIFa through an optogenetic approach, which allowed for neuronal activation with high temporal resolution, while leaving development unaffected. We found that activation of the red-light sensor Chrimson in SIFa neurons promoted sleep in flies in a sexually dimorphic manner, where the magnitude of the sleep effect was greater in females than in males. Because neuropeptidergic neurons often also release other transmitters, we used RNA interference to knock down SIFa while also optogenetically activating SIFa neurons. SIFa knockdown only partially reduced the magnitude of the sleep effect, suggesting that release of other transmitters may contribute to the sleep induction when SIFa neurons are activated. Video-based analysis showed that activation of SIFa neurons for as brief a period as 1 second was able to decrease walking behavior for minutes after the stimulus. Future studies should aim to identify the transmitters that are utilized by SIFa neurons and characterize their upstream activators and downstream targets. It would also be of interest to determine how acute optogenetic activation of SIFa neurons alters other behaviors that have been linked to SIFa, such as mating and feeding.
We present M 3 P, a Multitask Multilingual Multimodal Pre-trained model that combines multilingual pre-training and multimodal pre-training into a unified framework via multitask pre-training. Our ...goal is to learn universal representations that can map objects occurred in different modalities or texts expressed in different languages into a common semantic space. In addition, to explicitly encourage fine-grained alignment between images and non-English languages, we also propose Multimodal Code-switched Training (MCT) to combine monolingual pre-training and multimodal pre-training via a code-switch strategy. Experiments are performed on the multilingual image retrieval task across two benchmark datasets, including MSCOCO and Multi30K. M 3 P can achieve comparable results for English and new state-of-the-art results for non-English languages.
Introduction
Thalassemia is the most common monogenic disease in South and Southeast Asia. An accurate assessment of the relative frequency and composition of thalassemia mutations is important for ...the design of appropriate strategies to prevent the disease. In this study, we aimed to decode the molecular characterization of thalassemia mutations in Zhuhai region of southern China.
Methods
A total of 8048 individuals who were potential thalassemia carriers were enrolled. Gap‐polymerase chain reaction (Gap‐PCR) and reverse dot‐blot (RDB) hybridization methods were employed to detect common deletional and non‐deletional thalassemia mutations. Multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and Sanger sequencing were used to analyze and verify rare and complex mutations.
Results
We diagnosed 3433 individuals as thalassemia carriers or patients. Of these, 2395 (69.76%) individuals with α‐thalassemia harbored 13 α‐globin gene mutations. The three most common α‐thalassemia mutations were ‐‐SEA (60.08%), ‐α3.7 (20.62%) and ‐α4.2 (9.25%). We diagnosed 903 (26.30%) individuals with β‐thalassemia and identified 20 β‐globin gene mutations, of which the three most frequent were CD41/42 (‐TCTT) (38.10%), IVS‐II‐654 (C>T) (23.69%) and TATAbox‐28 (A>G) (15.18%). In addition, we identified 15 rare thalassemia variants. We also summarized the association between the thalassemia genotype and hematological parameters, which demonstrated the broad phenotypic heterogeneity caused by globin gene mutations.
Conclusion
This is the first survey of thalassemia molecular epidemiology and hematological phenotype in Zhuhai region. It uncovered a high prevalence and complex molecular spectrum of thalassemia. These findings can be used as a basis for thalassemia diagnosis, counseling and prevention management.
RNA regulatory genes were closely associated with tumorigenesis and prognosis in multiple tumors. Copy number variation (CNV) is a frequent characteristic in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). However, ...little is known regarding their possible roles in STS.
RNA sequence profiles and CNV data of 255 STS patients were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The correlation analysis involved CNVs of RNA regulatory genes, patient survival, immune infiltration, and DNA methylation. Drug sensitivity (IC50) was analyzed and validated by MTT assays in STS cell lines.
CNV events were frequently observed in all kinds (m6A, m5C, ac4C, m1A, m3C, m6Am, m7G, and Ψ) of RNA regulatory genes. Diploid copy number (CN) of METTL4 was associated with better overall survival (OS) in STS and the subtypes (leiomyosarcoma, LMS; dedifferentiated liposarcoma, DDLPS). In STS and LMS, diploid CN of METTL4 was significantly associated with higher infiltration fraction of resting mast cells. In STS and DDLPS, diploid CN of METTL4 possessed lower methylation level in CpG site of cg12105018, which represented better OS. Besides, sensitive drugs for STS cell lines were analyzed according to lower IC50 for the loss CN of METTL4. Temozolomide and Olaparib were identified. Further validation by MTT assays demonstrated that GCT was the most sensitive cell line to both Temozolomide and Olaparib.
CNV of METTL4 could be a prognostic biomarker for STS by potentially influencing mast cell infiltration and DNA methylation. Besides, STS with loss CN of METTL4 would be sensitive to Temozolomide and Olaparib.
•CNV of RNA regulatory genes was frequently observed in STS.•CNV of METTL4 was associated with OS in STS, including LMS and DDLPS.•In STS and DDLPS, the diploid CN of METTL4 possessed lower methylation level of cg12105018, representing better OS.•GCT was the most sensitive STS cell line to Temozolomide and Olaparib according to drug sensitivity analysis and MTT assays.•CNV of METTL4 could be a prognostic and therapy-response biomarker for STS.
Abstract
The study of surface magnetic anisotropy of magnetic films is beneficial to understanding the behaviors of films at high frequencies and further promoting their high-frequency magnetic ...applications. We investigated the out-of-plane ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and surface spin wave modes in 40-nm Ni
80
Fe
20
(NiFe) films deposited on ripple-patterned sapphire substrate with periodicity and a flat sapphire substrate by broad-band FMR technique. When measuring the FMR of the film on ripple-patterned substrate, the in-plane angle (
H
of the external applied magnetic field was along the direction of the ripples (
H
= 90°) and perpendicular to the ripple direction (
H
= 0°) respectively. The spin-wave resonance spectra consisting of up to two surface spin wave (SSW) modes were observed as the external magnetic field polar angle
θ
H
varied from “in-plane configuration” (
θ
H
= 90° ) to “out-of-plane configuration” (
θ
H
= 0°). As the decrease of
θ
H
, the two surface spin excitations disappeared in sequence and further only FMR mode was observed in the region
θ
H
which was smaller than the “critical angle”
θ
c
. The
θ
c
of
H
= 90° is found to be different from that for
H
= 0°. The dependences of field shift vs. out-of-plane angles
θ
H
for each SSW mode were analyzed by the surface inhomogeneity model. From the model, the surface anisotropy constants
K
s
of films were obtained. The results show that the values of surface anisotropy constants for the two SSW modes are different. Compared with the film sputtered on flat sapphire substrate, after introducing ripple-patterned substrate, the variation of
K
s
is only on the order of 0.01 erg/cm
2
for the film of this thickness.
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