Azidometalkojates of the general formula MX2 (M = Cu, Mn, Mg, Zn or Ni and X = 5-hydroxy-2-azidomethyl-4H-pyran-4-one) were prepared and tested for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects. ...The mangan and zinc derivatives are not active against any the tested microorganisms. A weak antibacterial activity was found with the copper derivative. The strongest antifungal effects were shown by the nickel derivative while the highest cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells was manifested by the zinc derivative.
The growth and conidiation of the agedTrichoderma viride culture grown in the dark, and after an induction by a light pulse. was examined in the presence of selected mono-, di(tri)saccharides, amino ...acids and alcohols as sole carbon sources. Hexoses and disaccharides, but not pentoses and amino acids, promoted proportionally both growth and conidiation induced by aging or light. All compounds but pentoses promoted the conidiation in aged cultures and photoconidiation in a close correlation. Ethanol, glycerol and ethylene glycol supported both growth and conidiation but these processes were not supported equally. Conidia formation with hexoses and amino acids as sole carbon sources seems to be a function of growth promotion, rather than of growth restriction (starvation, stress, aging). With glucose as sole carbon source the conidiation was not triggered by nutrient limitation, nor by the accumulation of waste metabolites. The aging-induced conidiation can be considered to be triggered by the genetic program of the microorganism rather than by its nutrient status.
The U-
14C-labelled glutamate uptake was measured in both sucrose- and glutamate-grown mycelia of
Trichoderma viride. The biomass yield was five-fold lower with glutamate as a sole carbon source. The ...rate of glutamate transport measured at a glutamate concentration of 1 mM remained unchanged in glutamate-grown mycelia whereas the properties of the glutamate transport were substantially changed compared to sucrose-grown mycelia. The glutamate uptake in both sucrose- and glutamate-grown mycelia was inhibited by an uncoupler (3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide) but the inhibitory efficiency was higher in the latter. The affinity of the permease to glutamate increased approximately five-fold in the glutamate-grown mycelia (about 76 μM compared to about 16 μM). The pH optimum for glutamate uptake was 4 in sucrose-grown mycelia but the glutamate-grown mycelia had two pH optima, one at pH 4 and the second between pH 6 and 7. The inhibition of glutamate uptake by other amino acids yielded different inhibitory patterns in the two mycelia under study. The glutamate uptake in mycelia of different ages also showed differences in both transport rate and temporal pattern. The results show that the growth of mycelia on glutamate led to the appearance of an additional permease with different properties and suggest that only this permease is operating in mycelia grown on glutamate.
The synthesis and characterization of seven new solid complexes, Cu(2-MeSnic)
2(phen) (2-MeSnic
=
2-methylthionicotinate, phen
=
1,10-phenanthroline), CuX
2(bipy)(H
2O) (X
=
2-MeSnic or nic ...(nicotinate), bipy
=
2,2′-bipyridine), Cu(isonic)
2(bipy)(H
2O)
·
H
2O (isonic
=
isonicotinate), Cu(bipy)
2(H
2O)(2-MeSnic)
2
·
3H
2O, Cu(phen)
2(H
2O)(isonic)
2
·
2H
2O and Cu(phen)
2(H
2O)(nic)
2
·
3H
2O, are reported. The composition and stereochemistry as well as the mode of ligand coordination have been determined by elemental analysis, IR, electronic and EPR spectra. In all cases, the available evidence supports square-pyramidal environment about the copper(II) atom, which is confirmed by crystal and molecular structure of one of the products, namely Cu(2-MeSnic)
2(bipy)(H
2O).
The synthesis and characterization of seven new solid complexes, Cu(2-MeSnic)
2 (phen) (2-MeSnic
=
2-methylthionicotinate, phen
=
1,10-phenanthroline), CuX
2(bipy)(H
2O) (X
=
2-MeSnic or nic (nicotinate), bipy
=
2,2′-bipyridine), Cu(isonic)
2(bipy)(H
2O)
·
H
2O (isonic
=
isonicotinate), Cu(bipy)
2(H
2O)(2-MeSnic)
2
·
3H
2O, Cu(phen)
2(H
2O)(isonic)
2
·
2H
2O and Cu(phen)
2(H
2O)(nic)
2
·
3H
2O, are reported. The composition and stereochemistry as well as the mode of ligand coordination have been determined by elemental analysis, IR, electronic and EPR spectra. The carboxyl group of the pyridinecarboxylate anions coordinates to the Cu(II) atom as an unidentate or as a chelating ligand. The EPR spectra of studied complexes are monomeric except for the spectrum of Cu(2-MeSnic)
2(bipy)(H
2O), which shows triplet state feature. Half-field transition, observed for Cu(2-MeSnic)
2(bipy)(H
2O), Cu(bipy)
2(H
2O)(2-MeSnic)
2
·
3H
2O and Cu(phen)
2(H
2O)(nic)
2
·
3H
2O, was used to estimate the interspin copper–copper distances. In all cases, the available evidence supports square-pyramidal environment about the copper(II) atom, which is confirmed by crystal and molecular structure of one of the products, namely Cu(2-MeSnic)
2(bipy)(H
2O). The antimicrobial effects have been tested on various strains of bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.
The antifungal activity of fourteen novel derivatives of oxindole with side chain was studied using representatives of toxinogenic, phytopathogenic and dermatophytic filamentous fungi. Derivatives ...with exocyclic C=C bond in position C-3 exhibited a higher antifungal activity compared with derivatives with an exocyclic C-C bond in the same position. The strongest antifungal effects were shown by 3-(-2-thienoylmethylidene)-indol-2(3H)-ones.
A mixed culture of two Gram-negative bacteria isolated from soil converted 50 g d-glucose l^sup -1^ to 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate (2,5 DKG) in 92% yield within 150 h. The first strain, producing ...2-keto-d-gluconate (2 KDG) from d-glucose via d-gluconate (DG), was classified as Flavimonas oryzihabitans. The second strain, that converts 2 KDG to 2,5 DKG, was identified as Pseudomonas cepacia. This approach presents a new possibility to produce ascorbic acid by microbial transformation, including the use of other, more convenient substrates.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Biological properties of new copper(II) complexes of 2-methylthionicotinate (2-MeSNic) of composition Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)(2).4H2O (where MeNia is N-methyl-nicotinamide), Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)(2).2H2O ...(where Nia is nicotinamide) and Cu(2-MeSNic)2L2 (where L is isonicotinamide (iNia) or ethyl nicotinate (EtNic)) are reported. Gram(-)-bacteria (Escherichia coli) are more resistant against Cu(II) complexes than Gram(+)-bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)--significant antistaphylococcal activity was found with Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)(2).4H2O (IC50 1.3 mmol/L). Candida parapsilosis was most inhibited by Cu(2-MeSNic)2.H2O and Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)(2).4H2O (IC50 1.4 mmol/L and 1.5 mmol/L, respectively). Biosynthesis of nucleic acids influenced by Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)(2).2H2O indicated by incorporation of 14C-adenine (IC50(Ade) 0.31 mmol/L) is more sensitive than biosynthesis of proteins indicated by incorporation of 14C-leucine (IC50(Leu) 9.94 mmol/L). Cu(II) complexes with expressed antimicrobial activity showed no mutagenic activity.
The antimicrobial and morphogenetic effects of fourteen newly synthesized 2-substituted derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and quinoline-4-carboxamide were studied using G+ and G- bacteria, ...yeasts and filamentous fungi. The highest antimicrobial effects were found with substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives. Quinoline-4-carboxamides only weakly influenced the growth of the tested microorganisms. Some derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid elicited profound changes in the morphology of hyphal tips of Botrytis cinerea, mainly their branching and the release of the cytoplasmic content. Quinoline derivatives, which elicited morphological changes, increased also the permeability of the plasmalemma of plant cells.
Seeds of Karwinskia humboldtiana obtained from a 1997 collection in the locality of Villa de Garcia Nuevo (Leon, Mexico) were contaminated with spores of filamentous fungi, bacteria and yeasts. The ...concentration of microorganisms in unscarified seeds ranged from 3.0 x 10**3 to 7.5 x 10**3 CFU/g. Bacterial isolates of the genera Aeromonas sp., Bacillus, and Pseudomonas were predominant. The following filamentous fungi were identified: Alternaria, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium commune, Trichothecium sp.; from yeasts Rhodotorula sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Seed scarification significantly reduced the microbial contamination. Only two fungi, Cladosporium sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, out of the original fungi isolates were identified on scarified seeds. Although a relatively high incidence of an unidentifiable species of Penicillium sp. was found, the bacterial spectrum was not altered. Treatment of scarified seeds with Vitavax 200 WP and Pomarsol Forte 80 WP (3 mg/g seeds) augmented germination by 10-19 % compared to treated unscarified seeds, and by 16-31 % compared to untreated unscarified seeds.
The reaction of an ethanolic solution of copper(II) pyridinecarboxylates CuX
2·
nH
2O (where X is nicotinate (nic) (
n=0) or isonicotinate (isonic) (
n=4)) with ethylenediamine (en) in a molar ratio ...of 1:2 lead to the isolation of solid tetragonally distorted octahedral complexes of the type Cu(en)
2(H
2O)
2X
2·
nH
2O (
n=1 for nic;
n=0 for isonic). The analogous reaction of CuX
2·
nH
2O with diethylenetriamine (dien) in a molar ratio of 1:1 leads to the formation of square-pyramidal pentacoordinated complexes of the type CuX(dien)(H
2O)X. On the other hand, the reaction of equimolar quantities of copper(II) nitrate and dien with nicotinate anions (equimolar quantities of pyridinecarboxylic acid and NaOH) in ethanolic solutions gives a solid monomeric complex Cu(nic)(NO
3)dien)(H
2O)·H
2O in which the coordination polyhedron around the Cu(II) atom is a (4+1+1) distorted tetragonal bipyramid. Based on the molecular structure the electronic and IR spectra are discussed. Moreover, the results of the quantitative determination of antimicrobial activity of the isonic complexes Cu(isonic)
2(H
2O)
4, Cu(en)
2(H
2O)
2(isonic)
2, Cu(isonic)(dien)(H
2O)(isonic), as well as isonicotinic acid, ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine alone are discussed.
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