Human viruses: discovery and emergence Woolhouse, Mark; Scott, Fiona; Hudson, Zoe ...
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences,
10/2012, Letnik:
367, Številka:
1604
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
There are 219 virus species that are known to be able to infect humans. The first of these to be discovered was yellow fever virus in 1901, and three to four new species are still being found every ...year. Extrapolation of the discovery curve suggests that there is still a substantial pool of undiscovered human virus species, although an apparent slow-down in the rate of discovery of species from different families may indicate bounds to the potential range of diversity. More than two-thirds of human viruses can also infect non-human hosts, mainly mammals, and sometimes birds. Many specialist human viruses also have mammalian or avian origins. Indeed, a substantial proportion of mammalian viruses may be capable of crossing the species barrier into humans, although only around half of these are capable of being transmitted by humans and around half again of transmitting well enough to cause major outbreaks. A few possible predictors of species jumps can be identified, including the use of phylogenetically conserved cell receptors. It seems almost inevitable that new human viruses will continue to emerge, mainly from other mammals and birds, for the foreseeable future. For this reason, an effective global surveillance system for novel viruses is needed.
To undertake a detailed epidemiological study of head injuries sustained by professional rugby union players in order to define their incidence, nature, severity, and causes.
A 3-season prospective ...cohort design.
13 English Premiership rugby union clubs.
757 male rugby union players.
Anatomical location, diagnosis, severity (number of days unavailable for training and match play), injury incident, and incidence of match and training injuries (injuries/1000 player-hours).
Playing position, use of headgear, and activity.
The overall incidence of match head injury was 6.6 injuries/1000 player-hours, and each injury resulted, on average, in 14 days lost-time. The overall incidence of match concussions was 4.1 injuries/1000 player-hours resulting, on average, in 13 days lost-time. Concussion was the third most common match injury for all players. A large proportion of the players (48%) were able to return to play safely within 7 days. Match concussions were most commonly associated with tackling head-on (28%), collisions (20%), and being tackled head-on (19%). The midfield backs were the playing position at the greatest risk of sustaining a concussion. Only 42% of players were removed from the field of play immediately after a concussion. Foul play was reported by the player to be associated with match head injury in 17% of cases. Mouthguard and headgear usage was associated with a reduced incidence of concussive injury. The overall incidence of training head injury was 0.05 injuries/1000 player-hours, and the overall incidence of training concussions was 0.02 injuries/1000 player-hours.
The results showed that rugby union players were exposed to a high risk of noncatastrophic head injury and concussion, particularly whilst tackling and being tackled head-on. In all, 48% of players sustaining a concussion were able to return to play in less than 7 days. The clinical challenge when assessing the potentially concussed player during a game is compounded by the current regulations regarding the permanent replacement of injured players. Injury prevention strategies should be focussed on minimizing the risk and force of direct contact to the head in the tackle.
...one thing I would like to see going forward is to make it mandatory to publish a priori sample size calculations and, where these haven't been conducted, effect sizes should be reported. There ...have been many debates about the pros and cons of the peer review process, but whilst we still have a peer review system, one thing that hasn't changed over the years is our reliance on our reviewers. ...not least, a huge thank you to all our authors and readers, we wouldn't be here without you.
Abstract Objectives To determine if there is evidence of abnormal hip joint range of motion (ROM) in youth and senior team professional footballers compared with matched controls. Design A case ...control study design was used. Participants 40 professional footballers (20 youth and 20 senior team) and 40 matched control subjects. Main outcome measures Bilateral measurements of passive hip internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), flexion, abduction and extension were made together with Faber's test and the hip quadrant. Results Youth and senior footballers had significantly less IR and Faber's range and significantly higher abduction than their respective controls ( p < 0.001). Senior footballers also had significantly reduced IR ( p < 0.05) and Faber's ( p < 0.001) than the youth team. A higher proportion of senior footballers had positive hip quadrants (45% of all hips) compared to all other groups. No significant difference in hip ROM was found between dominant and non-dominant legs. Conclusions A specific pattern of hip ROM was found in professional footballers which appeared to be different from controls. These changes may demonstrate the early stages of hip degeneration to which it has been shown ex-professional players are prone to. Hip joint ROM exercises may be necessary in these players to restore normal movement and prevent the onset of hip osteoarthritis (OA).
Purpose
Iliotibial tract friction syndrome (ITBFS) might be caused by repetitive friction and abrasion of the iliotibial (ITB) tract across the lateral femoral epicondyle. Thickening in the ITB ...adjacent to the lateral femoral epicondyle has been reported. The values of ITB thickness at the lateral femoral epicondyle in healthy adult volunteers were determined, and the association between the thickness of the ITB and the subjects’ age, weight, height, dominant limb and the volume of training or sporting activity was assessed.
Methods
An Ultrasound Scan (high resolution 3–2 MHz transducer Voluson-i G E Medical Systems, UK) was used to measure the thickness of the ITB in 38 healthy volunteers (30 men and 8 women, mean age 22.5 ± 1.5 years, range 18–25 years). One measurement from each of the subjects’ knees at the level of lateral femoral epicondyle was taken. Reliability was established by measuring 11 of the subjects on three separate occasions at least I week apart.
Results
The thickness of the ITB on the right and left knees was 1.1 ± 0.2 mm. There was no evidence of a significant association between the thickness of the ITB and the subjects’ age, weight, height, dominant limb and the volume of training or sporting activity.
Conclusions
There is no evidence of significant correlation between the thickness of the ITB and subjects’ age, weight, height, dominant limb and volume of training or sporting activity.
Summary Introduction The mechanisms of pain reduction have not completely been established following patellar taping in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS); although it might be related ...to alteration in the kinetics of the patellofemoral joint. Methods Patellofemoral Joint Reaction Force (PFJRF) of eighteen subjects with PFPS and eighteen healthy subjects as controls were assessed by a motion-analysis system and one force plate. This procedure was performed on the affected knee of subjects with PFPS, before, during and finally after patellar taping during unilateral squatting. A similar procedure was also performed on the unaffected knees of both groups. Results The mean values of PFJRF prior to taping (2025 N, SD 347 N) were decreased significantly following a period of taping (1720 N, SD 303 N) ( P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the mean values of PFJRF among controls (1922 N, SD 398 N) and subjects with PFPS prior to taping ( P > 0.05) which might be due to small sample size in both groups and large variability observed in the study. Interpretation Decreased values of PFJRF may explain the mechanism of pain reduction following patellar taping in subjects with PFPS.
Introduction
There is increasing interest in social digital media (SDM) as a data source for pharmacovigilance activities; however, SDM is considered a low information content data source for safety ...data. Given that pharmacovigilance itself operates in a high-noise, lower-validity environment without objective ‘gold standards’ beyond process definitions, the introduction of large volumes of SDM into the pharmacovigilance workflow has the potential to exacerbate issues with limited manual resources to perform adverse event identification and processing. Recent advances in medical informatics have resulted in methods for developing programs which can assist human experts in the detection of valid individual case safety reports (ICSRs) within SDM.
Objective
In this study, we developed rule-based and machine learning (ML) models for classifying ICSRs from SDM and compared their performance with that of human pharmacovigilance experts.
Methods
We used a random sampling from a collection of 311,189 SDM posts that mentioned Roche products and brands in combination with common medical and scientific terms sourced from Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook, and a spectrum of news media blogs to develop and evaluate three iterations of an automated ICSR classifier. The ICSR classifier models consisted of sub-components to annotate the relevant ICSR elements and a component to make the final decision on the validity of the ICSR. Agreement with human pharmacovigilance experts was chosen as the preferred performance metric and was evaluated by calculating the Gwet AC1 statistic (gKappa). The best performing model was tested against the Roche global pharmacovigilance expert using a blind dataset and put through a time test of the full 311,189-post dataset.
Results
During this effort, the initial strict rule-based approach to ICSR classification resulted in a model with an accuracy of 65% and a gKappa of 46%. Adding an ML-based adverse event annotator improved the accuracy to 74% and gKappa to 60%. This was further improved by the addition of an additional ML ICSR detector. On a blind test set of 2500 posts, the final model demonstrated a gKappa of 78% and an accuracy of 83%. In the time test, it took the final model 48 h to complete a task that would have taken an estimated 44,000 h for human experts to perform.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that an effective and scalable solution to the challenge of ICSR detection in SDM includes a workflow using an automated ML classifier to identify likely ICSRs for further human SME review.
The second Masterclass was on the female athlete triad syndrome in high school athletes and highlighted the signs and symptoms that clinicians should be aware of when managing this group of athletes ...(Thein-Nissenbaum & Carr, 2011). ...it is important to note that the journal also continues to be a subscription based journal which means that authors without access to large research grants still have a publication venue for their sports medicine and related sport science work and research.
First of all I would like to welcome Dr Tony Schneiders from the University of Otago as a new Associate Editor for the journal, representing the Australasia region.
Summary Introduction Although measuring vasti muscle onset may reveal whether the pain relief is associated with altering this parameter during activities in subjects with patellofemoral pain ...syndrome (PFPS), it may be necessary to determine whether the inherent properties of the dominant leg influences the reliability of measuring VMO-VL muscle onset. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of leg predomination on reliability testing of the VMO-VL muscle onset measurement during single leg squatting in healthy subjects. Methods The onset of VMO and VL muscles of ten healthy subjects with a right dominant leg was assessed during single leg squatting. Data was collected from the muscle bellies of the VMO and VL. This procedure was performed on the both legs, during three separate single leg squats from a neutral position to a depth of approximately 30 ° of knee flexion. Subjects were then asked to repeat the test procedure after a minimum of a week’s interval. The full wave rectified onsets of VMO and VL were then calculated. Results There was no significant difference between the VMO-VL onset mean values of paired test of right and left knees. The ICC (intra class correlation coefficient) values during within and between sessions tests showed the poor reliability of these measurements on both knees. Conclusion The low intratester reliability of within and between sessions measurement of VMO-VL onset on the both dominant and non-dominant legs revealed that repeatability of these measurements have little accepted reliability, however similar values of these measurements indicated that leg predomination does not affect the measurements during single leg squatting.
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