Here we constrain six possible extensions to the Λ cold dark matter (CDM) model using measurements from the Dark Energy Survey’s first three years of observations, alone and in combination with ...external cosmological probes. The DES data are the two-point correlation functions of weak gravitational lensing, galaxy clustering, and their cross-correlation. We use simulated data vectors and blind analyses of real data to validate the robustness of our results to astrophysical and modeling systematic errors. In many cases, constraining power is limited by the absence of theoretical predictions beyond the linear regime that are reliable at our required precision. The Λ CDM extensions are dark energy with a time-dependent equation of state, nonzero spatial curvature, additional relativistic degrees of freedom, sterile neutrinos with eV-scale mass, modifications of gravitational physics, and a binned σ8(z) model which serves as a phenomenological probe of structure growth. For the time-varying dark energy equation of state evaluated at the pivot redshift we find (wp, wa) = (-0.99$^{+0.28}_{-0.17}$, -0.9 ±1.2) at 68% confidence with zp = 0.24 from the DES measurements alone, and (wp, wa) = (- 1.03$^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$, -0.4 $^{+0.4}_{-0.3)}$ with zp = 0.21 for the combination of all data considered. Curvature constraints of Ωk = 0.0009 ± 0.0017 and effective relativistic species Neff = 3.10$^{+0.15}_{-0.16}$ are dominated by external data, though adding DES information to external low-redshift probes tightens the Ωk constraints that can be made without cosmic microwave background observables by 20%. For massive sterile neutrinos, DES combined with external data improves the upper bound on the mass meff by a factor of 3 compared to previous analyses, giving 95% limits of (Δ Neff, meff) ≤ (0.28, 0.20 eV) when using priors matching a comparable Planck analysis. For modified gravity, we constrain changes to the lensing and Poisson equations controlled by functions Σ (k ,z) = Σ0ΩΛ(z)/Ω Λ,0 and μ(k, z) = μ0ΩΛ(z)/Ω Λ ,0, respectively, to Σ0 = 0.6$^{+ 0.4}_{ -0.5}$ from DES alone and (Σ0, μ0) = (0.04 ± 0.05, 0.08$^{+0.21}_{-0.19}$) for the combination of all data, both at 68% confidence. Overall, we find no significant evidence for physics beyond Λ CDM .
Here, we present two galaxy shape catalogues from the Dark Energy Survey Year 1 data set, covering 1500 square degrees with a median redshift of 0:59. The catalogues cover two main fields: Stripe 82, ...and an area overlapping the South Pole Telescope survey region. We also describe our data analysis process and in particular our shape measurement using two independent shear measurement pipelines, METACALIBRATION and IM3SHAPE. The METACALIBRATION catalogue uses a Gaussian model with an innovative internal calibration scheme, and was applied to riz bands, yielding 34.8M objects. The IM3SHAPE catalogue uses a maximum-likelihood bulge/disc model calibrated using simulations, and was applied to r-band data, yielding 21.9M objects. Both catalogues pass a suite of null tests that demonstrate their fitness for use in weak lensing science. Finally, we estimated the 1 uncertainties in multiplicative shear calibration to be 0.013 and 0.025 for the METACALIBRATION and IM3SHAPE catalogues, respectively.
In this work, we present the first cosmology results from large-scale structure using the full 5000 deg2 of imaging data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Data Release 1. We perform an analysis of ...large-scale structure combining three two-point correlation functions ( 3×2pt ): (i) cosmic shear using 100 million source galaxies, (ii) galaxy clustering, and (iii) the cross-correlation of source galaxy shear with lens galaxy positions, galaxy–galaxy lensing. To achieve the cosmological precision enabled by these measurements has required updates to nearly every part of the analysis from DES Year 1, including the use of two independent galaxy clustering samples, modeling advances, and several novel improvements in the calibration of gravitational shear and photometric redshift inference. The analysis was performed under strict conditions to mitigate confirmation or observer bias; we describe specific changes made to the lens galaxy sample following unblinding of the results and tests of the robustness of our results to this decision. We model the data within the flat Λ CDM and wCDM cosmological models, marginalizing over 25 nuisance parameters. We find consistent cosmological results between the three two-point correlation functions; their combination yields clustering amplitude S8=0.776-0.017+0.017 and matter density Ω m =0.339-0.031+0.032 in Λ CDM , mean with 68% confidence limits; S8=0.775-0.024+0.026 , Ω m =0.352-0.041+0.035 , and dark energy equation-of-state parameter w=-0.98-0.20+0.32 in wCDM . These constraints correspond to an improvement in signal-to-noise of the DES Year 3 3×2pt data relative to DES Year 1 by a factor of 2.1, about 20% more than expected from the increase in observing area alone. This combination of DES data is consistent with the prediction of the model favored by the Planck 2018 cosmic microwave background (CMB) primary anisotropy data, which is quantified with a probability-to-exceed p=0.13 –0.48. We find better agreement between DES 3×2pt and Planck than in DES Y1, despite the significantly improved precision of both. When combining DES 3×2pt data with available baryon acoustic oscillation, redshift-space distortion, and type Ia supernovae data, we find p=0.34 . Combining all of these datasets with Planck CMB lensing yields joint parameter constraints of S8=0.812-0.008+0.008 , Ω m =0.306-0.005+0.004 , h=0.680-0.003+0.004 , and Σmν<0.13 eV (95% C.L.) in Λ CDM ; S8=0.812-0.008+0.008 , Ω m =0.302-0.006+0.006 , h=0.687-0.007+0.006 , and w=-1.031-0.027+0.030 in wCDM .
This work, together with its companion paper, Secco and Samuroff et al. (2021), presents the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 cosmic shear measurements and cosmological constraints based on an analysis of ...over 100 million source galaxies. With the data spanning 4143 deg2 on the sky, divided into four redshift bins, we produce the highest significance measurement of cosmic shear to date, with a signal-to-noise of 40. We conduct a blind analysis in the context of the ΛCDM model and find a 3% constraint of the clustering amplitude, S8≡σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5=0.759+0.025-0.023. A ΛCDM-Optimized analysis, which safely includes smaller scale information, yields a 2% precision measurement of S8=0.772+0.018-0.017 that is consistent with the fiducial case. The two low-redshift measurements are statistically consistent with the Planck Cosmic Microwave Background result, however, both recovered S8 values are lower than the high-redshift prediction by 2.3σ and 2.1σ (p-values of 0.02 and 0.05), respectively. The measurements are shown to be internally consistent across redshift bins, angular scales and correlation functions. The analysis is demonstrated to be robust to calibration systematics, with the S8 posterior consistent when varying the choice of redshift calibration sample, the modeling of redshift uncertainty and methodology. Similarly, we find that the corrections included to account for the blending of galaxies shifts our best-fit S8 by 0.5σ without incurring a substantial increase in uncertainty. We examine the limiting factors for the precision of the cosmological constraints and find observational systematics to be subdominant to the modeling of astrophysics. Specifically, we identify the uncertainties in modeling baryonic effects and intrinsic alignments as the limiting systematics.
There is considerable evidence that the protein component of fresh pork makes a major contribution to tenderness. In particular, the proteomic profile can be linked to postmortem events including pH ...decline, tissue oxidation, and protein degradation. The objectives for this study were to determine differences in sarcoplasmic proteomes that contribute to tenderness variation in aged pork longissimus dorsi muscles (LM). A defined set of pork loins selected to be similar in pH, color, and lipid yet different in tenderness were used. Pork loins were assigned to tenderness groups based on their star probe values; a high star probe group (HSP; n=12 mean star probe 7.75 kg) and low star probe group (LPS; n=12 star probe 4.95 kg) Samples were selected for proteomic experiments based on star probe values, and selected samples were within specified ranges for ultimate pH (5.54-5.86), marbling score (1.0-3.0), and percent total lipid (1.61-3.37%). Two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry were used to examine sarcoplasmic protein abundance and potential modifications. Proteins spots that were significantly different across groups were selected for identification. Results from 2D-DIGE showed that HSP samples had significantly more abundant metabolic, stress response, and regulatory proteins in the sarcoplasmic fraction compared with LSP samples. The stress response protein peroxiredoxin-2 was more abundant in HSP samples as determined by 2D-DIGE ( ≤ 0.01; 2 spots) and western blot assay ( = 0.02). Low star probe samples showed significantly more degradation of the structural protein desmin in 2D-DIGE ( < 0.01) and western blot assay ( < 0.01). These results demonstrate that extreme proteolytic differences influenced measured tenderness of LSP and HSP samples and that soluble desmin and peroxiredoxin-2 may be used as biomarkers to differentiate between tough and tender aged pork products.
ABSTRACT
We present and characterize the galaxy shape catalogue from the first 3 yr of Dark Energy Survey (DES) observations, over an effective area of 4143 deg2 of the southern sky. We describe our ...data analysis process and our self-calibrating shear measurement pipeline metacalibration, which builds and improves upon the pipeline used in the DES Year 1 analysis in several aspects. The DES Year 3 weak-lensing shape catalogue consists of 100 204 026 galaxies, measured in the riz bands, resulting in a weighted source number density of neff = 5.59 gal arcmin−2 and corresponding shape noise σe = 0.261. We perform a battery of internal null tests on the catalogue, including tests on systematics related to the point spread function (PSF) modelling, spurious catalogue B-mode signals, catalogue contamination, and galaxy properties.
Splashback refers to the process of matter that is accreting onto a dark matter halo reaching its first orbital apocenter and turning around in its orbit. The clustercentric radius at which this ...process occurs, rsp, defines a halo boundary that is connected to the dynamics of the cluster. A rapid decline in the halo profile is expected near rsp. We measure the galaxy number density and weak lensing mass profiles around redMaPPer galaxy clusters in the first-year Dark Energy Survey (DES) data. For a cluster sample with mean M200m mass 2.5 × 1014 M , we find strong evidence of a splashback-like steepening of the galaxy density profile and measure rsp = 1.13 0.07 h−1 Mpc, consistent with the earlier Sloan Digital Sky Survey measurements of More et al. and Baxter et al. Moreover, our weak lensing measurement demonstrates for the first time the existence of a splashback-like steepening of the matter profile of galaxy clusters. We measure rsp = 1.34 0.21 h−1 Mpc from the weak lensing data, in good agreement with our galaxy density measurements. For different cluster and galaxy samples, we find that, consistent with ΛCDM simulations, rsp scales with R200m and does not evolve with redshift over the redshift range of 0.3-0.6. We also find that potential systematic effects associated with the redMaPPer algorithm may impact the location of rsp. We discuss the progress needed to understand the systematic uncertainties and fully exploit forthcoming data from DES and future surveys, emphasizing the importance of more realistic mock catalogs and independent cluster samples.
A client analogue of angry drivers reported more frequent
and intense anger, aggressive and risky behavior, and accidents
(generally, minor accidents, close calls, etc.) than low-anger
drivers. ...Groups did not differ on major accidents or moving
violations. High-anger drivers reported more trait anger and
anxiety; anger suppression; and outward, less controlled forms of
anger expression. Compared with an untreated control, relaxation and
cognitive-relaxation interventions lowered driving anger;
although the relaxation intervention was superior on some measures
of driving anger, cognitive-relaxation was superior on risky
behavior. Interventions did not influence trait anger, anxiety, or
general anger expression. Findings support state-trait anger
theory, construct validity of the trait driving anger measure, and
feasibility of driving anger reduction.
Two of the most sensitive probes of the large scale structure of the universe are the clustering of galaxies and the tangential shear of background galaxy shapes produced by those foreground ...galaxies, so-called galaxy-galaxy lensing. Combining the measurements of these two two-point functions leads to cosmological constraints that are independent of the galaxy bias factor. The optimal choice of foreground, or lens, galaxies is governed by the joint, but conflicting requirements to obtain accurate redshift information and large statistics. We present cosmological results from the full 5000 sq. deg2 of the Dark Energy Survey first three years of observations (Y3) combining those two-point functions, using for the first time a magnitude-limited lens sample (MagLim) of 11 million galaxies especially selected to optimize such combination, and 100 million background shapes. We consider two cosmological models, flat ΛCDM and wCDM. In ΛCDM we obtain for the matter density Ωm = 0.320$^{+0.041}_{–0.034}$ and for the clustering amplitude S8 = σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5 = 0.778$^{+0.037}_{–0.031}$, at 68% C.L. The latter is only 1σ smaller than the prediction in this model informed by measurements of the cosmic microwave background by the Planck satellite. In wCDM we find Ωm = 0.32$^{+0.044}_{–0.046}$, S8 = 0.777$^{+0.049}_{–0.051}$, and dark energy equation of state w = –1.031$^{+0.218}_{–0.379}$. We find that including smaller scales while marginalizing over non-linear galaxy bias improves the constraining power in the Ωm – S8 plane by 31% and in the Ωm – w plane by 41% while yielding consistent cosmological parameters from those in the linear bias case. Furthermore, these results are combined with those from cosmic shear in a companion paper to present full DES-Y3 constraints from the three two-point functions (3 x 2pt).
There is considerable interest in the development of bifunctional ligand scaffolds for the group 7 metals due to potential biological applications. Building on our recent work in the development of ...“click” ligands and macrocycles, we show that a CuAAC “click” approach can be exploited for the synthesis of a small family of bioconjugated tridentate pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole macrocycles. These bioconjugated tridentate macrocycles form stable Re(CO)3+ complexes, and this could facilitate the development of M(CO)3+ (M = Mn, Tc, Re) targeted agents. The parent macrocycle, bioconjugates, and Re(CO)3+ complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and HR-ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of the alcohol-functionalized macrocycle and two of the Re(I) complexes were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The electronic structure of the parent Re(CO)3+ macrocycle complex was examined using UV–vis, Raman, and emission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The complex exhibited intense absorptions in the UV region which were modeled using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The calculations suggest that the lower energy part of the absorption band is MLCT in nature and additional higher energy π–π* transitions are present. The complex was weakly emissive at room temperature in methanol with a quantum yield of 5.1 × 10–3 and correspondingly short excited state lifetime (τ ≈ 20 ns). The family of macrocycles and the corresponding Re(I) complexes were tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms. Agar-based disk diffusion assays indicated that two of the Re(I) complexes displayed antimicrobial activity but the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for these compounds proved to be extremely modest (MIC > 256 μg/mL).
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