Magnetic charges for the graviton Hull, C. M.
The journal of high energy physics,
05/2024, Letnik:
2024, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A
bstract
Symmetries and conserved charges are investigated for linearised gravity and its dual formulation in terms of the dual graviton field. Conserved charges are constructed for the dual ...graviton theory that are associated with invariances of the dual graviton theory. These invariances arise for gauge parameters that are certain generalised Killing tensors. These electric-type charges for the dual graviton are then shown to give magnetic-type charges for the graviton. One of the magnetic-type gravitational charges obtained in this way is the linearisation of the gravitational charge in
d
≥ 5 dimensions that arises as a central charge in the supersymmetry algebra and is carried by Kaluza-Klein monopoles. Solutions of linearised gravity carrying the magnetic gravitational charges are discussed. The application of the approach used here to other gauge theories is discussed.
A
bstract
Recently proposed forms for gauge transformations with finite parameters in double field theory are discussed and problematic issues are identified. A new form for finite gauge ...transformations is derived that reveals the underlying gerbe structure and the close relationship with generalised geometry. The nature of generalised tensors is elucidated, and in particular it is seen that the presence of a constant metric with split signature does not restrict the doubled geometry, provided it is a generalised tensor rather than a conventional tensor.
A
bstract
We consider compactifications of type IIA superstring theory on mirror-folds obtained as K3 fibrations over two-tori with non-geometric monodromies involving mirror symmetries. At special ...points in the moduli space these are asymmetric Gepner models. The compactifications are constructed from non-geometric automorphisms that arise from the diagonal action of an automorphism of the K3 surface and of an automorphism of the mirror surface. We identify the corresponding gaugings of
N
= 4 supergravity in four dimensions, and show that the minima of the potential describe the same four-dimensional low-energy physics as the worldsheet formulation in terms of asymmetric Gepner models. In this way, we obtain a class of Minkowski vacua of type II string theory which preserve
N
= 2 supersymmetry. The massless sector consists of
N
= 2 supergravity coupled to 3 vector multiplets, giving the STU model. In some cases there are additional massless hypermultiplets.
A
bstract
A recently constructed limit of K3 has a long neck consisting of segments, each of which is a nilfold fibred over a line, that are joined together with Kaluza-Klein monopoles. The neck is ...capped at either end by a Tian-Yau space, which is non-compact, hyperkähler and asymptotic to a nilfold fibred over a line. We show that the type IIA string on this degeneration of K3 is dual to the type I′ string, with the Kaluza-Klein monopoles dual to the D8-branes and the Tian-Yau spaces providing a geometric dual to the O8 orientifold planes. At strong coupling, each O8-plane can emit a D8-brane to give an O8
∗
plane, so that there can be up to 18 D8-branes in the type I′ string. In the IIA dual, this phenomenon occurs at weak coupling and there can be up to 18 Kaluza-Klein monopoles in the dual geometry. We consider further duals in which the Kaluza-Klein monopoles are dualised to NS5-branes or exotic branes. A 3-torus with
H
-flux can be realised in string theory as an NS5-brane wrapped on
T
3
, with the 3-torus fibred over a line. T-dualising gives a 4-dimensional hyperk¨ahler manifold which is a nilfold fibred over a line, which can be viewed as a Kaluza-Klein monopole wrapped on
T
2
. Further T-dualities then give non-geometric spaces fibred over a line and can be regarded as wrapped exotic branes. These are all domain wall configurations, dual to the D8-brane. Type I′ string theory is the natural home for D8-branes, and we dualise this to find string theory homes for each of these branes. The Kaluza-Klein monopoles arise in the IIA string on the degenerate K3. T-duals of this give exotic branes on non-geometric spaces.
The binding and cytochrome P45051 (CYP51) inhibition properties of a novel antifungal compound, VT-1161, against purified recombinant Candida albicans CYP51 (ERG11) and Homo sapiens CYP51 were ...compared with those of clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. VT-1161 produced a type II binding spectrum with Candida albicans CYP51, characteristic of heme iron coordination. The binding affinity of VT-1161 for Candida albicans CYP51 was high (dissociation constant Kd, ≤ 39 nM) and similar to that of the pharmaceutical azole antifungals (Kd, ≤ 50 nM). In stark contrast, VT-1161 at concentrations up to 86 μM did not perturb the spectrum of recombinant human CYP51, whereas all the pharmaceutical azoles bound to human CYP51. In reconstitution assays, VT-1161 inhibited Candida albicans CYP51 activity in a tight-binding fashion with a potency similar to that of the pharmaceutical azoles but failed to inhibit the human enzyme at the highest concentration tested (50 μM). In addition, VT-1161 (MIC = 0.002 μg ml(-1)) had a more pronounced fungal sterol disruption profile (increased levels of methylated sterols and decreased levels of ergosterol) than the known CYP51 inhibitor voriconazole (MIC = 0.004 μg ml(-1)). Furthermore, VT-1161 weakly inhibited human CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4, suggesting a low drug-drug interaction potential. In summary, VT-1161 potently inhibited Candida albicans CYP51 and culture growth but did not inhibit human CYP51, demonstrating a >2,000-fold selectivity. This degree of potency and selectivity strongly supports the potential utility of VT-1161 in the treatment of Candida infections.
A
bstract
A class of special holonomy spaces arise as nilmanifolds fibred over a line interval and are dual to intersecting brane solutions of string theory. Further dualities relate these to ...T-folds, exotic branes, essentially doubled spaces and spaces with R-flux. We develop the doubled geometry of these spaces, with the various duals arising as different slices of the doubled space.
A
bstract
We present a new class of dualities relating non-geometric Calabi-Yau com- pactifications of type II string theory to T-fold compactifications of the heterotic string, both preserving ...four-dimensional
N
= 2 supersymmetry. The non-geometric Calabi-Yau space is a
K
3 fibration over
T
2
with non-geometric monodromies in the duality group
O
(Γ
4
,
20
); this is dual to a heterotic reduction on a
T
4
fibration over
T
2
with the
O
(Γ
4
,
20
) monodromies now viewed as heterotic T-dualities. At a point in moduli space which is a minimum of the scalar potential, the type II compactification becomes an asymmetric Gepner model and the monodromies become automorphisms involving mirror symmetries, while the heterotic dual is an asymmetric toroidal orbifold. We generalise previous constructions to ones in which the automorphisms are not of prime order. The type II construction is perturbatively consistent, but the naive heterotic dual is not modular invariant. Modular invariance on the heterotic side is achieved by including twists in the circles dual to the winding numbers round the
T
2
, and this in turn introduces non-perturbative phases depending on NS5-brane charge in the type II construction.
A
bstract
We discuss the special holonomy metrics of Gibbons, Lu, Pope and Stelle, which were constructed as nilmanifold bundles over a line by uplifting supersymmetric domain wall solutions of ...supergravity to 11 dimensions. We show that these are dual to intersecting brane solutions, and considering these leads us to a more general class of special holonomy metrics. Further dualities relate these to non-geometric backgrounds involving intersections of branes and exotic branes. We discuss the possibility of resolving these spaces to give smooth special holonomy manifolds.
Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), commonly known as the Asian longhorned beetle, is an invasive wood-boring pest that infests a number of hardwood species and causes ...considerable economic losses in North America, several countries in Europe, and in its native range in Asia. The success of eradication efforts may depend on early detection of introduced populations; however, detection has been limited to identification of tree damage (oviposition pits and exit holes), and the serendipitous collection of adults, often by members of the public. Here we describe the development, deployment, and evaluation of semiochemicalbaited traps in the greater Worcester area in Massachusetts. Over 4 yr of trap evaluation (2009–2012), 1013 intercept panel traps were deployed, 876 of which were baited with three different families of lures. The families included lures exhibiting different rates of release of the male-produced A. glabripennis pheromone, lures with various combinations of plant volatiles, and lures with both the pheromone and plant volatiles combined. Overall, 45 individual beetles were captured in 40 different traps. Beetles were found only in traps with lures. In several cases, trap catches led to the more rapid discovery and management of previously unknown areas of infestation in the Worcester county regulated area. Analysis of the spatial distribution of traps and the known infested trees within the regulated area provides an estimate of the relationship between trap catch and beetle pressure exerted on the traps. Studies continue to optimize lure composition and trap placement.
The design, performance, and on-orbit operation of the three-axis electric field instrument (EFI) for the NASA THEMIS mission is described. The 20 radial wire boom and 10 axial stacer boom antenna ...systems making up the EFI sensors on the five THEMIS spacecraft, along with their supporting electronics have been deployed and are operating successfully on-orbit without any mechanical or electrical failures since early 2007. The EFI provides for waveform and spectral three-axis measurements of the ambient electric field from DC up to 8 kHz, with a single, integral broadband channel extending up to 400 kHz. Individual sensor potentials are also measured, providing for on-board and ground-based estimation of spacecraft floating potential and high-resolution plasma density measurements. Individual antenna baselines are 50- and 40-m in the spin plane, and 6.9-m along the spin axis.
The EFI has provided for critical observations supporting a clear and definitive understanding of the electrodynamics of both the boundaries of the terrestrial magnetosphere, as well as internal processes, such as relativistic particle acceleration and substorm dynamics. Such multi-point electric field observations are key for pushing forward the understanding of electrodynamics in space, in that without high-quality estimates of the electric field, the underlying electromagnetic processes involved in current sheets, reconnection, and wave-particle interactions may only be inferred, rather than measured, quantified, and used to discriminate between competing hypotheses regarding those processes.
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