Investigating Variation in Replicability Klein, Richard A.; Ratliff, Kate A.; Vianello, Michelangelo ...
Social psychology (Göttingen, Germany),
01/2014, Letnik:
45, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although replication is a central tenet of science, direct replications are rare
in psychology. This research tested variation in the replicability of 13 classic and
contemporary effects across 36 ...independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. In the
aggregate, 10 effects replicated consistently. One effect - imagined contact reducing
prejudice - showed weak support for replicability. And two effects - flag priming
influencing conservatism and currency priming influencing system justification - did not
replicate. We compared whether the conditions such as lab versus online or US versus
international sample predicted effect magnitudes. By and large they did not. The results of
this small sample of effects suggest that replicability is more dependent on the effect itself
than on the sample and setting used to investigate the effect.
It is estimated that 1-13% of cases of bronchiectasis in adults globally are attributable to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) but many adult patients with bronchiectasis have not been investigated ...for PCD. PCD is a disorder caused by mutations in genes required for motile cilium structure or function, resulting in impaired mucociliary clearance. Symptoms appear in infancy but diagnosis is often late or missed, often due to the lack of a "gold standard" diagnostic tool and non-specific symptoms. Mutations in > 50 genes account for around 70% of cases, with additional genes, and non-coding, synonymous, missense changes or structural variants (SVs) in known genes presumed to account for the missing heritability.
UK patients with no identified genetic confirmation for the cause of their PCD or bronchiectasis were eligible for whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the Genomics England Ltd 100,000 Genomes Project. 21 PCD probands and 52 non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis probands were recruited in Wessex Genome Medicine Centre (GMC). We carried out analysis of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and SVs in all families recruited in Wessex GMC.
16/21 probands in the PCD cohort received confirmed (n = 9), probable (n = 4) or possible (n = 3) diagnosis from WGS, although 13/16 of these could have been picked up by current standard of care gene panel testing. In the other cases, SVs were identified which were missed by panel testing. We identified variants in novel PCD candidate genes (IFT140 and PLK4) in 2 probands in the PCD cohort. 3/52 probands in the non-CF bronchiectasis cohort received a confirmed (n = 2) or possible (n = 1) diagnosis of PCD. We identified variants in novel PCD candidate genes (CFAP53 and CEP164) in 2 further probands in the non-CF bronchiectasis cohort.
Genetic testing is an important component of diagnosing PCD, especially in cases of atypical disease history. WGS is effective in cases where prior gene panel testing has found no variants or only heterozygous variants. In these cases it may detect SVs and is a powerful tool for novel gene discovery.
Interparental conflict has been shown to have a negative effect on the academic success of children and adolescents. This study examined the relationship between college students' (N = 143) perceived ...levels of interparental conflict, their living arrangement, and their current self‐reported grade point average. Participants who experienced more interparental conflict, specifically female students and those living away from home, reported a lower grade point average. Implications for college counselors are discussed.
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity is a potential virulence factor and is exhibited only by the Listeria species Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii. A ...chromogenic substrate for the direct detection of PI-PLC activity is available in a new medium (BCM L. monocytogenes plating agar). The use of a chromogenic substrate offers a mechanism with which to directly screen for L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii other than the esculin used in Oxford (OXF) and Palcam (PAL) agars, which screen for all Listeria species. The specificity levels of BCM plating agar and of BCM confirmation and rhamnose agars were evaluated with 107 Listeria and 10 Bacillus species isolates. In addition, BCM L. monocytogenes plating agar was compared with standard Listeria selective agars (OXF and PAL agars) with regard to the recovery of L. monocytogenes from 2,000 food and environmental samples obtained from eight participating laboratories. A Listeria species was isolated from at least one of the agars in 209 analyses, and L. monocytogenes was isolated in 135 of these analyses. In 27 of the analyses in which L. monocytogenes was isolated, one or more of the selective differential agars used failed to isolate L. monocytogenes, and therefore the results of these analyses were discrepant. Relative to a reference method involving the use of all three agars (OXF, PAL, and BCM agars), the OXF-BCM, PAL-BCM, and OXF-PAL combinations had sensitivities of 99.3, 99.2, and 90.2%, respectively. In statistical analyses of the different combinations of agars, the OXF-BCM and BCM-PAL combinations were found to be superior to the OXF-PAL combination for the detection of L. monocytogenes.
Subtle signs and symptoms of Huntington disease (HD) are often present before impairments reach a point where the neurologic disease is manifest and a diagnosis must be considered. The objective is ...to examine the prognostic significance of these early clinical signs and symptoms regarding time until unequivocal clinical HD diagnosis.
We analyzed longitudinal data from 218 at-risk but healthy participants in the Huntington Study Group database who had either normal motor examination results or minimal soft motor signs at first observation. This group was followed periodically in HD clinics for up to 4.5 years. We used survival analysis to examine predictors of time until HD diagnosis.
Diagnostic prediction was significantly improved using specific, nonredundant items from the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale. When a movement disorder specialist initially had a global impression of "soft signs" present, cumulative relative risk of diagnosis was 4.68 times greater at 1.5 years of follow-up and 3.58 at 3 years. A neuropsychological test pattern with psychomotor speed 1 SD worse than a semantic knowledge measure increased cumulative risk by 1.99 times at 1.5 years and 1.81 at 3 years. Finally, reports of various subjective HD symptoms increased 3-year relative risk by 2.6 to 3.4.
Findings demonstrate that neuropsychological performance and both the clinician rating and the patient subjective perception of motor difficulties contribute nonredundantly to a prediction of Huntington disease diagnosis. These findings may have implications for prognostic assessment of persons at risk and eventually assist with early interventions.
Responds to the comments made by Monin and Oppenheimer (see record 2014-37961-001), Ferguson et al. (see record 2014-38072-001), Crisp et al. (see record 2014-38072-002), and Schwarz & Strack (see ...record 2014-38072-003) on the current authors original article (see record 2014-20922-002). The current authors thank the commentators for their productive discussion of the Many Labs project. They entirely agree with the main theme across the commentaries: direct replication does not guarantee that the same effect was tested. As noted by Nosek and Lakens (2014, p. 137), ‘‘direct replication is the attempt to duplicate the conditions and procedure that existing theory and evidence anticipate as necessary for obtaining the effect.’’ Attempting to do so does not guarantee success, but it does provide substantial opportunity for theoretical development building on empirical evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Commentaries and Rejoinder on Klein et al. (2014) Monin, Benoît; Oppenheimer, Daniel M; Ferguson, Melissa J ...
Social psychology (Göttingen, Germany),
01/2014, Letnik:
45, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Presents a series of commentaries and the rejoinder regarding the original article by Klein et al. "Investigating variation in replicability: A ‘‘Many Labs’’ replication project," (see record ...2014-20922-002), which tested variation in the replicability of 13 classic and contemporary effects across 36 independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
In refractory thrombocytopenia one should first evaluate whether the therapeutic approach has more risks to the patient than no treatment at all. The patient may remain relatively asymptomatic and ...the only incommoding circumstances be cosmetic. Coincidental medical problems such as hypertension and peptic ulceration are particularly worrying in the patient with ITP. Very occasionally a cerebral haemorrhage may occur without any obvious predisposing cause. In most instances, however, refractory thrombocytopenia is a benign condition which rarely directly causes the death of the patient. Since many of the remedies advocated for this problem have significant side effects these must always be carefully balanced and fully discussed with the patient before their introduction.
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