This paper describes the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye using Fe(II)-based gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). GDEs were developed by rolling carbon black and polytetrafluoroethylene as a conductive ...layer for efficient oxygen reduction reaction, with an Fe(II) ink layer (
5
mg
cm
-
2
loading) to conduct Fenton chemistry. The GDEs demonstrated the ability to remove the colour and mineralize MB dye in an undivided, three-electrode cell. Colour removal achieved 99% in a
150
cm
3
solution containing 100 ppm of MB dye at constant potential of
-
1.0 V vs.
Hg/HgSO
4
in 240 min. The kinetics of the MB decolouration showed pseudo-first-order batch kinetics. The results demonstrated that a GDE containing immobilized Fe(II) ions appears to be a viable option for the environmental remediation of organic dyes in wastewater by an anodic Fenton oxidation.
In the original publication, the ‘OH’ radical was incorrectly typeset. It should be in superscript throughout the article. The original article has been corrected.
In this study, we utilized a conditioning regimen with fludarabine and myeloablative dose i.v. BU (12.8 mg/kg) (FluBU) in 36 adult patients (median age: 44 years, range: 18-61) with myeloid or ...lymphoid malignancies at standard risk (n=10) or high risk of relapse (n=26), who received an allogeneic hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) from HLA-matched related (n=16) or unrelated (n=20) donors. The source of hematopoietic stem cells was peripheral blood in 28 and marrow in 8 cases. Rabbit-antithymocyte globulin at 7 mg/kg was utilized in 21 patients. Acute GVHD grade II-IV was observed in 19% of the patients (grade III-IV in 14% of patients) and chronic GVHD in 11 of 30 evaluable patients (37%). At median follow-up of 737 days (range: 152-1,737) for alive patients, overall survival rates in standard- and high-risk patients were 80 and 35%, respectively, and event-free survival rates were 70 and 31%, respectively. TRM was 10% in standard-risk and 19% in high-risk patients. Post transplant relapse was observed in 20% standard-risk and in 46% high-risk patients. FluBU conditioning regimen is associated with a limited hematologic and extrahematologic toxicity and with an antitumor activity comparable to other standard myeloablative regimens.
The development of the network that is today known as the Internet was a very complex and technical process that spanned a period of close to 45 years. It can be said that the Internet's evolution to ...its present form of sophistication and its consequent rise to prominence was not meticulously planned or even foreseen, but in reality happened by accident. No grand plan and certainly no appreciation of its future growth and international relevance existed when the United States government funded the initial projects that started it all.
Modern biotechnological innovation has been fertile ground for profound and critical debate - and policy consideration - regarding its associated legal, social, ethical and moral issues. Patent laws ...exist to encourage the progress of science, innovation and discovery, but battle to provide a clear and stable regulatory framework. In a decision that looks set to shape the future, the United States Supreme Court recently ruled that isolated human DNA cannot be patented. It is argued that this decision will have a potentially serious negative impact on future biotechnological innovation and discovery, and that the more expansive European approach to 'gene patenting' is sounder and enables progress.
In the past the phrase 'access to justice' referred to access to courts, but since the 1970s it has acquired a broader meaning and is still evolving. Views on access to justice are closely linked to ...the socio-economic situation at a particular point in time. Our current world is complex and has given rise to matching complex needs. Huge social imbalances have been created and many groups of people have become marginalised and excluded from a fair determination of rights. Legal problems have thus acquired a social dimension, requiring the civil justice system to play an important role in realising social justice. Current access-to-justice concerns are aimed at promoting and achieving the social inclusion of those excluded from the justice system, and so the meaning of the phrase access to justice is extended to include access to mechanisms that facilitate social inclusion. Broad consensus on the basic guiding principles for such mechanisms has yet to emerge. Nevertheless, a new approach to access to justice has so far yielded many far-reaching procedural reforms in many countries, as well as many innovative measures (such as PLEI programmes, help centres, ombudsman institutions, special tribunals and funding schemes), giving reason for optimism that justice systems will be able to meet the needs of the most disadvantaged members of society.
A sensitive
ex vivo bioassay for detecting environmental estrogens and estrogen mimics was developed using
Xenopus liver slice culture. Vitellogenin synthesis by these cultures was used as biomarker ...for estrogenic activity of environmental water samples. Sensitization of the assay for estrogens and mimics was accomplished by employing tissue from animals after
in vivo preexposure to estrogen. Effects of various tissue culture factors were investigated in order to obtain optimum conditions for the bioassay. It was found that endogenous vitellogenin and/or estrogen could be “washed out” of cultures and that not only uncontaminated males but also estrogen-pretreated males and females can successfully be used as bioindicators. Estrogenicity was detected, using the
ex vivo Xenopus liver slice culture assay, in sewage effluent, lake water, and dam water. This article presents an optimized protocol for effective estrogen detection in environmental water samples.
Candidate vaccines composed of a DNA construct to prime the immune system, followed by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) containing matching genes as a booster vaccination, have produced encouraging ...immune responses in human volunteers. This study presents the detailed construction and characterization of a recombinant MVA that will be tested in combination with a DNA vaccine in Phase I clinical trials in South Africa and the United States. To match recently transmitted viruses in the southern African region and to maximize epitope coverage, the vaccines were constructed to contain five HIV-1 subtype C genes, namely gag, reverse transcriptase, tat, and nef (grttn), expressed as a polyprotein, and a truncated env (gp150). An initial recombinant MVA construct containing wild-type env was found to be genetically unstable, and thus a human codon-optimized gene was used. Grttn and gp150 were inserted into two different sites in MVA yielding a double recombinant, SAAVI MVA-C. The recombinant MVA was shown to be genetically stable and high level expression of the transgenes was observed. Env retained infectivity in a functional infectivity assay despite a point mutation that arose during virus generation. Mice inoculated with SAAVI MVA-C at various doses developed high levels of Gag, RT, and Env-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, and some of these responses could be boosted by a second inoculation. An accompanying paper describes the immunogenicity of SAAVI MVA-C when given in combination with SAAVI DNA-C.
PDF
