Abstract
Salinity is challenging threats to the agricultural system and leading cause of crop loss. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important endogenous signal molecule, which by regulating growth and ...physiological processes improves the plant ability to tolerate salt stress. Considering the prime importance of
Gladiolus grandiflorus
(L.) in the world’s cut-flower market, the research work was undertaken to elucidate salinity tolerance in
G. grandiflorus
by exogenous application of SA irrigated with saline water. Results revealed that increasing salinity (EC: 2, 4 and 6 dS m
–1
) considerably altered morpho-growth indices (corm morphology and plant biomass) in plants through increasing key antioxidants including proline content and enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase), while negatively affected the total phenolic along with activity of defense-related enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and polyphenol oxidase activity). SA application (50–200 ppm) in non-saline control or saline conditions improved morpho-physiological traits in concentration-dependent manners. In saline conditions, SA minimized salt-stress by enhancing chlorophyll content, accumulating organic osmolytes (glycine betaine and proline content), total phenolic, and boosting activity of antioxidant and defense-related enzymes. Principle component analysis based on all 16 morphological and physiological variables generated useful information regarding the classification of salt tolerant treatment according to their response to SA. These results suggest SA (100 or 150 ppm) could be used as an effective, economic, easily available and safe phenolic agent against salinity stress in
G. grandiflorus
.
Landuse/landcover change (LULCC) and climate change (CC) impacts on streamflow in high elevated catchments are very important for sustainable management of water resources and ecological ...developments. In this research, a statistical technique was used in combination with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to the Upstream Area of the Yangtze River (UAYR). Different performance criteria (e.g., R
2
, NSE, and PBIAS) were used to evaluate the acceptability of the model simulation results. The model provided satisfactory results for monthly simulations in the calibration (R
2
; 0.80, NSE; 0.78 and PBIAS; 22.3%) and the validation period (R
2
; 0.89, NSE; 0.75 and PBIAS; 19.1%). Major landuse/landcover transformations from 1990 to 2005 have occurred from low grassland to medium grassland (2%) and wetlands (0.9%), bare land to medium grassland (0.2%), glaciers to wetland (16.8%), and high grassland to medium grassland (5.8%). The results show that there is an increase in average annual runoff at the Zhimenda station in UAYR by 15 mm of, which approximately 98% is caused by climate change and only 2% by landuse/landcover change. The changes evapotranspiration are larger due to climate change as compared to landuse/landcover change, particularly from August to October. Precipitation and temperature have increased during these months. On the contrary, there has been a decrease in evapotranspiration and runoff from October to March which depicts the intra-annual variations in the vegetation in the study area.
In the present article we consider the physical model of two-dimensional Casson hybrid nanofluids flow, which is magnetized and thermally radiative, laminar, incompressible inside the channel. Flow ...equations have been modelled for two dimensional axial and radial velocity components Formula: see text along Formula: see text and Formula: see text along the Formula: see text. There exists temperature Formula: see text which is constant for upper and lower walls. The Casson nanofluids model with nano type particles includes heat transfer effect between two stretched and shrinking walls of the channel was constructed. The continuity, momentum and energy equations are modelled in cartesian coordinates system. The finite element technique is used to evaluate numerical solutions for velocity, temperature, Skin friction and Nusselt number. It is evident that the hybrid Casson nanofluids exhibit opposite behaviors in the stretching and shrinking cases near the upper and lower walls of the channel. It is also observed that in the stretching case, increasing the values of the Casson parameter leads to a rise in both shear stress and heat transfer rate for both plates of the channel. However, the results contradict this trend in the shrinking case. Understanding the thermal characteristics of magnetized hybrid fluids can be applied to the design of advanced cooling systems in engineering applications, biomedical fluid dynamic, in energy system this study can be applied to improve the efficiency of energy systems where fluid flow and heat transfer play crucial roles. Further use of nanofluids suggests a connection to nanotechnology, and the study may have implications for the development of advanced nanomaterial-based heat transfer fluids.
All‐solid‐state thin film lithium batteries (TFBs) are proposed as the ideal power sources for microelectronic devices. However, the high‐temperature (>500 °C) annealing process of cathode films, ...such as LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4, restricts the on‐chip integration and potential applications of TFBs. Herein, tunnel structured LixMnO2 nanosheet arrays are fabricated as 3D cathode for TFBs by a facile electrolyte Li+ ion infusion method at very low temperature of 180 °C. Featuring an interesting tunnel intergrowth structure consisting of alternating 1 × 3 and 1 × 2 tunnels, the LixMnO2 cathode shows high specific capacity with good structural stability between 2.0 and 4.3 V (vs. Li+/Li). By utilizing the 3D LixMnO2 cathode, all‐solid‐state LixMnO2/LiPON/Li TFB (3DLMO‐TFB) has been successfully constructed with prominent advantages of greatly enriched cathode/electrolyte interface and shortened Li+ diffusion length in the 3D structure. Consequently, the 3DLMO‐TFB device exhibits large specific capacity (185 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1), good rate performance, and excellent cycle performance (81.3% capacity retention after 1000 cycles), outperforming the TFBs using spinel LiMn2O4 thin film cathodes fabricated at high temperature. Importantly, the low‐temperature preparation of high‐performance cathode film enables the fabrication of TFBs on various rigid and flexible substrates, which could greatly expand their potential applications in microelectronics.
Tunnel intergrowth LixMnO2 nanosheet arrays consisting of alternating 1 × 3 and 1 × 2 tunnels are developed by a facile electrolyte Li+ ion infusion method at a low temperature of 180 °C. Benefiting from the stable tunnel structure for the cathode and favorable architecture with abundant 3D cathode/electrolyte interface, the constructed LixMnO2/LiPON/Li thin‐film battery achieves large specific capacity and outstanding cycle life.
In this work, an intelligent computing algorithm is developed for finding the approximate solution of heart model based on nonlinear Van der Pol (VdP)-type second-order ordinary differential ...equations (ODEs) using feed-forward artificial neural networks (FF-ANNs) optimized with genetic algorithms (GAs) hybrid through interior-point algorithm (IPA). The mathematical modeling of the system is constructed using FF-ANN models by defining an unsupervised error and unknown weights; the networks are tuned globally with GAs, and local refinement of the results is made with IPA. Design scheme is applied to study the VdP heart dynamics model by varying the pulse shape modification factor, damping coefficients and external forcing factor while keeping the fixed value of the ventricular contraction period. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with reference numerical solutions of Adams method to establish its correctness. Multiple independent runs are performed for the scheme, and results of statistical analyses in terms of mean absolute deviation, root-mean-square error and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency illustrate its applicability, effectiveness and reliability.
In this study, a computational intelligence technique based on three different designs of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is presented to solve the nonlinear Troesch’s boundary value problem ...arising in plasma physics. The structure of three ANN models is formulated by incorporating log-sigmoid (ANN-LS), radial-base (ANN-RB) and tan-sigmoid (ANN-TS) kernel functions in the hidden layers. Mathematical modeling of the problem is constructed for all three feed-forward ANN models by defining an error function in an unsupervised manner. Sequential quadratic programming method is employed for the learning of unknown parameters for all three ANN-LS, ANN-RB and ANN-TS schemes. The proposed models are applied to solve variants of Troesch’s problems by taking the small and large values of critical parameter in the system. A comparison of the proposed solution obtained from these models has been made with the standard numerical results of Adams method. The accuracy and convergence of the proposed models are investigated through results of statistical analysis in terms of performance indices based on the mean absolute deviation, root-mean-square error and variance account for.
Reliable hourly flood forecasting using weather radar rainfall data for early warning system is essential for reducing natural disaster risk during extreme typhoon events. This study proposed a novel ...approach integrated with physics-based WASH123D and HEC-HMS models to forecast 1 h ahead flood level in the Fengshan Creek basin, northern Taiwan. The comparison was done with data-driven support vector machine (SVM) model, and performances were assessed by using statistical indicators (root mean square error, correlation coefficient, the error of time to peak flood level, the error of peak flood). Four typhoons and two plum rain events (with 620 data sets) were selected for the process of model calibration and validation. The model performs better when it used quantitative precipitation estimate radar data rather than rain gauge data. Results of using 1 h ahead quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) as input for flood forecasting were encouraging but not feasible to use directly for early flood warning system due to errors in peak flood levels and timing. Therefore, the improvement in accuracy of 1 h ahead flood forecasting was done using physics-based approach and SVM model. The systematic comparison revealed that the SVM model is an attractive way out to improve the accuracy of QPF forecasted flood levels but unable to fully describe the flood level patterns in terms of timings and flood peaks, while the results obtained by the physics-based approach were accurate and much better than the SVM model. The approach fully described the physics of hydrograph patterns and outputs have exactly the same 1 h ahead predictions, in excellent agreement with observations. The reliable and accurate reflections of timing and amount of flood peaks in all selected typhoons by a newly developed physics-based approach with its operational nature are recommended to use by the government in the future for early warning to reduce the flood impacts during typhoon events.
Four districts (Meinong, Qishan, Dashu, and Daliao) of Kaohsiung city, Southern Taiwan
The understanding of aquifer recharge in terms of water table response to rainfall is of critical importance to ...groundwater systems management and various endeavors have been made to estimate the amount of recharge using rainfall data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the groundwater level response to rainfall and determine the recharge potential for shallow aquifers. We showed a simple approach to estimate specific yield (Sy) and hydraulic conductivity (k) as functions of rainfall and water level data.
Correlation method is applied to investigate groundwater level response to associated rainfall and it was found that the rise in water table linearly depends on the rainfall amount per event. Results show the annual recharge rates of 244–1472 mm year─1, which represent 12–43% of rainfall in the study area. The estimated k (order of 10─4 to 10─5 m s─1) and Sy (0.20–0.51) were used as prior values to setup groundwater numerical modeling using WASH123D. The real-time case scenario simulation using pumping and rainfall data indicated the reasonable hydrological response of groundwater levels to rainfall. The long-term simulations should be performed with WASH123D to deal with the subjectivity of sustained groundwater pumping and sustainability of aquifers for better groundwater resource planning and management.
Display omitted
•Evaluate the groundwater level (GWL) response to rainfall.•Hydrogeological parameters (k, Sy) estimation as function of rainfall and GWL data.•Groundwater recharge estimation using WTF method and reasonably estimated Sy values.•The real-time case scenario simulation using pumping and rainfall data in WASH123D.•Results showed reasonable hydrological response of GWL to rainfall and pumping data.
The present study presents an analysis of Casson nanofluid flow in small expanding/contracting vessel with permeable walls. Further, we have presented the coupling of expanding/contracting parameter ...with low seepage Reynolds number. Similarity transformation is used to convert the governing partial differential equation into set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically using R–K method after converting the system of boundary value problem into initial value problem with the help of a shooting technique numerically. The behavior of emerging parameters are presented graphically for velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles fraction. Most important effect of physical parameter skin friction, Nusselt and Sherwood number are presented in table form. It is found that, reduced Nusselt number is decreasing function of Prendtl number and reduce Sherwood number is the increasing Brownian motion parameter Nb and Thermophoresis parameter Nt.
We have investigated the two-dimensional mixed convective Maxwell hybrid nanofluid boundary layer mass and heat flows over a linearly stretching porous surface with the applied external magnetic ...flux. Thermal radiations along with the Dufour and Soret effects are also incorporated. The governing model of partial differential equations (PDE) is altered into ordinary differential equations (ODE) with an appropriate similarity transformation. The finite difference-based numerical method BVP4c is applied to solve the system of nonlinear ODEs. The flow features and the heat transfer characteristics have been illustrated with graphical representations and a numerical table. For varied values of the flow-related variables, organized and graphical data for the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient are indicated. In most cases, spherical-shaped nanoparticles have a better influence on stream function, velocity and temperature distributions. This behavior is the opposite of the mass concentration profile. It has been observed that stream function decreases as increase the value of the magnetic field but opposite for mass concentration distribution and temperature profile. The temperature gradient is enhanced as a result of stronger convective flow when Soret number Sr values increase, which causes the boundary layer thickness to grow. A comparative study of hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid showed that the hybrid nanofluid has superior shear stress/skin friction and Sherwood number/surface mass flux than nanofluid flow.
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