In this paper, two problems involving nonlinear time fractional hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) and time fractional pseudo hyperbolic PDEs with nonlocal conditions are presented. ...Collocation technique for shifted Chebyshev of the second kind with residual power series algorithm (CTSCSK-RPSA) is the main method for solving these problems. Moreover, error analysis theory is provided in detail. Numerical solutions provided using CTSCSK-RPSA are compared with existing techniques in literature. CTSCSK-RPSA is accurate, simple and convenient method for obtaining solutions of linear and nonlinear physical and engineering problems.
Understanding the spatial variation in lithology is crucial for characterizing reservoirs, as it governs the distribution of petrophysical characteristics. This study focuses on predicting the ...lithology of carbonate rocks (limestone, argillaceous limestone, marly limestone, and marl) within the Kometan Formation, Khabbaz Oil Field, Northern Iraq, using well logs. Precise lithology prediction was achieved by applying multivariate regression method on neutron, sonic, and density logs. Gamma-ray and elemental concentrations from bulk-rock X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to identify clay minerals, paleoenvironments, and quantify the shale content. The results indicate that the Kometan Formation predominantly comprises limestone, marl, marly limestone, and argillaceous limestone in the middle section. The middle part exhibits a higher shale content compared to the lower and upper parts. A statistically significant correlation (R2 = 0.83–0.85) between described and predicted lithology was established. The model with a higher coefficient of determination (0.85) was tested for further predictions in other wells in the Kirkuk Oil Field. This research can be valuable for lithological and petrophysical characterization of carbonate reservoirs and electrofacies analysis, particularly in situations where core data is unavailable.
Transgenic tobacco plants engineered with bacterial merA and merB genes via the chloroplast genome were investigated to study the uptake, translocation of different forms of mercury (Hg) from roots ...to shoots, and their volatilization. Untransformed plants, regardless of the form of Hg supplied, reached a saturation point at 200 µM of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) or HgCl2, accumulating Hg concentrations up to 500 µg g−1 with significant reduction in growth. In contrast, chloroplast transgenic lines continued to grow well with Hg concentrations in root tissues up to 2000 µg g−1. Chloroplast transgenic lines accumulated both the organic and inorganic Hg forms to levels surpassing the concentrations found in the soil. The organic-Hg form was absorbed and translocated more efficiently than the inorganic-Hg form in transgenic lines, whereas no such difference was observed in untransformed plants. Chloroplast-transgenic lines showed about 100-fold increase in the efficiency of Hg accumulation in shoots compared to untransformed plants. This is the first report of such high levels of Hg accumulation in green leaves or tissues. Transgenic plants attained a maximum rate of elemental-Hg volatilization in two days when supplied with PMA and in three days when supplied with inorganic-Hg, attaining complete volatilization within a week. The combined expression of merAB via the chloroplast genome enhanced conversion of Hg2+ into Hg,0 conferred tolerance by rapid volatilization and increased uptake of different forms of mercury, surpassing the concentrations found in the soil. These investigations provide novel insights for improvement of plant tolerance and detoxification of mercury.
The worldwide contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds that have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops that ...result in illnesses and economic losses. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearelenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, and ergot alkaloids are the mycotoxins of greatest agro-economic importance. Some molds are capable of producing more than one mycotoxin and some mycotoxins are produced by more than one fungal species. Often more than one mycotoxin is found on a contaminated substrate. Factors influencing the presence of mycotoxins in foods or feeds include environmental conditions related to storage that can be controlled. Other extrinsic factors such as climate or intrinsic factors such as fungal strain specificity, strain variation, and instability of toxigenic properties are more difficult to control. Mycotoxins have various acute and chronic effects on humans and animals (especially monogastrics) depending on species and susceptibility of an animal within a species. Ruminants have, however, generally been more resistant to the adverse effects of mycotoxins. This is because the rumen microbiota is capable of degrading mycotoxins. The economic impact of mycotoxins include loss of human and animal life, increased health care and veterinary care costs, reduced livestock production, disposal of contaminated foods and feeds, and investment in research and applications to reduce severity of the mycotoxin problem. Although efforts have continued internationally to set guidelines to control mycotoxins, practical measures have not been adequately implemented.
Considering L and M being different commutative quantales, this paper mainly proposes a many-level version of L-fuzzy generalized neighborhood systems and then a pair of many level upper and lower ...rough approximation operators based on it are defined and discussed. It is proved that these approximation operators include L-fuzzy generalized neighborhood-based approximation operators and M-level L-fuzzy relation-based approximation operators as their special circumstances. Moreover, we define the measure of many level rough approximations that in a certain sense characterizes the quality of the obtained approximation. Furthermore, when the M-level L-fuzzy generalized neighborhood system is non-increasing, serial, reflexive, transitive, and unary, then the corresponding M-level L-rough approximation operators are discussed and characterized, respectively. Moreover, the relationship between M-level L-rough approximation operators and
-quasi-fuzzy topologies is presented.
In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) impregnated with green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is evaluated as an antimicrobial membrane for wound-healing treatment. Green synthesized silver ...nanoparticles using
Moringa oleifera
leaf extract were characterized using UV‒visible spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results confirmed that the resulted particles were Ag
2
O and metallic Ag in nanoscale with an average size ranged from 24 to 40 nm. The green synthesized nanoparticles incorporated within both bacterial cellulose and filter paper discs showed excellent antibacterial activities against
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 6538 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 9027. There was no significant difference noticed between bacterial cellulose and filter paper holding capacity to nanoparticles and there was lack of interaction between bacterial cellulose and impregnated nanoparticles as elaborated by Fourier transform infrared spectral analyses. Scanning electron microscopy investigation showed major distortions effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles on bacterial cell morphology.
During the past 23 yr, a large number of human illness outbreaks have been traced worldwide to consumption of undercooked ground beef and other beef products contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing ...Escherichia coli (STEC). Although several routes exist for human infection with STEC, beef remains a main source. Thus, beef cattle are considered reservoirs of O157 and nonO157 STEC. Because of the global nature of the food supply, safety concerns with beef will continue, and the challenges facing the beef industry will increase at the production and processing levels. To be prepared to address these concerns and challenges, it is critical to assess the beef cattle role in human infection with STEC. Because most STEC outbreaks in the United States were traced to beef containing E. coli O157:H7, the epidemiological studies have focused on the prevalence of this serotype in beef and beef cattle. Worldwide, however, additional STEC serotypes (e.g., members of the O26, O91, O103, O111, O118, O145, and O166 serogroups) have been isolated from beef and caused human illnesses ranging from bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). To provide a global assessment of the STEC problem, published reports on beef and beef cattle in the past 3 decades were evaluated. The prevalence rates of E. coli O157 ranged from 0.1 to 54.2% in ground beef, from 0.1 to 4.4% in sausage, from 1.1 to 36.0% in various retail cuts, and from 0.01 to 43.4% in whole carcasses. The corresponding prevalence rates of nonO157 STEC were 2.4 to 30.0%, 17.0 to 49.2%, 11.4 to 49.6%, and 1.7 to 58.0%, respectively. Of the 162 STEC serotypes isolated from beef products, 43 were detected in HUS patients and 36 are known to cause other human illnesses. With regard to beef cattle, the prevalence rates of E. coli O157 ranged from 0.3 to 19.7% in feedlots and from 0.7 to 27.3% on pasture. The corresponding prevalence rates of nonO157 STEC were 4.6 to 55.9% and 4.7 to 44.8%, respectively. Of the 373 STEC serotypes isolated from cattle feces or hides, 65 were detected in HUS patients and 62 are known to cause other human illnesses. The results indicated the prevalence of a large number of pathogenic STEC in beef and beef cattle at high rates and emphasized the critical need for control measures to assure beef safety.
A large number of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have caused major outbreaks and sporadic cases of human illnesses, including mild diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic ...colitis, and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. These illnesses have been traced to both O157 and non-O157 STEC. In a large number of STEC-associated outbreaks, the infections were attributed to consumption of ground beef or other beef products contaminated with cattle feces. Thus, beef cattle are considered reservoirs of STEC and can pose significant health risks to humans. The global nature of the human food supply suggests that safety concerns with beef will continue and the challenges facing the beef industry will increase at the production and processing levels. To be prepared to address these concerns and challenges, it is critical to assess the role of beef cattle in human STEC infections. In this review, published reports on STEC in beef cattle were evaluated to achieve the following specific objectives: (i) assess the prevalence of STEC in beef cattle, and (ii) determine the potential health risks of STEC strains from beef cattle. The latter objective is critically important because many beef STEC isolates are highly virulent. Global testing of beef cattle feces revealed wide ranges of prevalence rates for O157 STEC (i.e., 0.2 to 27.8%) and non-O157 STEC (i.e., 2.1 to 70.1%). Of the 261 STEC serotypes found in beef cattle, 44 cause hemolytic uremic syndrome and 37 cause other illnesses.
A hybrid network has recently been proposed as a framework for a high-speed wireless communication network. Basically, it integrates light fidelity (LiFi) with radio frequency wireless gigabit ...alliance (WiGig) networks that operate, simultaneously, in a completely different frequency band. To assign the best access point (AP) and provide enough resources for each user, an effective load-balancing (LB) strategy is needed. However, the traditional LB strategies involve sophisticated iterative computing procedures whenever the user distribution changes. Hence, the first contribution of this work is to offer a more adaptable, two-step, conditional, and most-correlated distribution (CMCD) algorithm. Thus, the low-complexity most-correlated distribution (MCD) LB scheme is applied, and the average data rates for all users are then calculated. If the results achieve the predefined performance threshold (PDT), the decisions will be confirmed; otherwise, the proposed scheme automatically switches to the more accurate, but more complex, consecutive assign WiGig first separate optimization algorithms (CAWFS) algorithm. The suggested algorithm provides a clear performance-complexity trade-off, which could be simply controlled by choosing the suitable performance tolerance factor. The second contribution of this paper is the correlation-weighted majority voting (CWMV) method, which attempts to benefit from as many prior decision votes as possible, instead of relying just on one vote. In the CWMV technique, the weight of each vote is calculated based on the correlation between the history distribution vectors and the new user distribution vector. A significant increase in the system performance is evident from the simulation results.
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