In this paper we consider periodic orbit pairs contributing in the third order of the spectral form factor in the Hadamard-Gutzwiller model. We prove that periodic orbits involving two 2-encounters ...in certain structures have partner orbits, which together with original ones form orbit pairs and contribute in the third order of the spectral form factor. The action differences are estimated at ln(1+u1s1)(1+u2s2) with explicit error bounds, where (u1,s1) and (u2,s2) are the coordinates of the piercing points. A symbolic dynamics for orbit pairs via conjugacy classes is also established.
A dearomative reduction of simple arenes has been developed which employs a visible‐light‐mediated cycloaddition of arenes with an N‐N‐arenophile and in situ diimide reduction. Subsequent ...cycloreversion or fragmentation of the arenophile moiety affords 1,3‐cyclohexadienes or 1,4‐diaminocyclohex‐2‐enes, compounds that are not synthetically accessible using existing dearomatization reactions. Importantly, this strategy also provides numerous opportunities for further derivatization as well as site‐selective functionalization of polynuclear arenes.
Light it up: A dearomative strategy based on the visible‐light‐promoted para‐cycloaddition of arenophile with arenes and in situ diimide reduction was developed that provides access to 1,3‐cyclohexadienes or unsaturated 1,4‐diamines. These products are complementary to known dearomative processes and are amenable to further diversification.
Spatial and temporal distributions of metal ions in vitro and in vivo are crucial in our understanding of the roles of metal ions in biological systems, and yet there is a very limited number of ...methods to probe metal ions with high space and time resolution, especially in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we report a Zn2+-specific near-infrared (NIR) DNAzyme nanoprobe for real-time metal ion tracking with spatiotemporal control in early embryos and larvae of zebrafish. By conjugating photocaged DNAzymes onto lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), we have achieved upconversion of a deep tissue penetrating NIR 980 nm light into 365 nm emission. The UV photon then efficiently photodecages a substrate strand containing a nitrobenzyl group at the 2′-OH of adenosine ribonucleotide, allowing enzymatic cleavage by a complementary DNA strand containing a Zn2+-selective DNAzyme. The product containing a visible FAM fluorophore that is initially quenched by BHQ1 and Dabcyl quenchers is released after cleavage, resulting in higher fluorescent signals. The DNAzyme–UCNP probe enables Zn2+ sensing by exciting in the NIR biological imaging window in both living cells and zebrafish embryos and detecting in the visible region. In this study, we introduce a platform that can be used to understand the Zn2+ distribution with spatiotemporal control, thereby giving insights into the dynamical Zn2+ ion distribution in intracellular and in vivo models.
Adverse birth outcomes have been linked to neighborhood level socioeconomic status. However, little work has examined the influence of social and economic change over time (i.e., gentrification) on ...health. This study aims to assess the association between gentrification and preterm birth (PTB) while examining the modifying effect of maternal race/ethnicity and educational attainment. New York City births, 2008–2010, (
n
= 126,165) were linked to a measure of gentrification at the community district level (
n
= 59). The gentrification measure was calculated using percent change in education level, poverty level, and median household income (MHI) between the 2005–2009 American Community Survey and the 1990 Census. PTB was defined as clinical gestational age less than 37 weeks. Generalized estimating equations were utilized to examine the association. Gentrification (i.e., increase in residents with a college education, increase in MHI, and decrease in residents living below the poverty line) was not associated with PTB. However, among Non-Hispanic Blacks, very high gentrification was adversely associated with PTB (AOR, 1.16; 95 % CI, 1.01–1.33) as compared to those who lived in a very low gentrified neighborhood. Among non-Hispanic Whites, living in a very high gentrified neighborhood was protective as compared to living in a very low gentrified neighborhood (AOR, 0.78; 95 % CI, 0.64–0.94). Although there is a need to develop a more nuanced measure of gentrification, these results indicate that changes in the economic character of a neighborhood may have a significant influence on birth outcomes.
Abstract
Heparan sulfates have long been known to intracellularly accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease neurons, where they colocalize with neurofibrillary tangles made of abnormally phosphorylated and ...aggregated tau protein. However, the reasons and consequences of the heparan sulfates accumulation in the Alzheimer’s cells are not yet well understood. Previously, we showed that the neural heparan sulfate 3-
O
-sulfotransferase HS3ST2 is critical for the abnormal phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease-related tauopathy. Using cell models of tauopathy we showed that intracellular 3-
O
-sulfatated heparan sulfates interact with tau inducing its abnormal phosphorylation. However, it is unknown whether HS3ST2 expression induces the intracellular aggregation of tau in cells. Here, by using replicative pEBV plasmids, we engineered HEK293 cells to stably express HS3ST2 together with human tau carrying or not the P301S mutation. We show that HS3ST2 gain of function induces the cell autonomous aggregation of tau not only in cells expressing tau
P301S
, but also in cells expressing the wild type tau. Our engineered cells mimicked both the HS intracellular accumulation observed in neurons of Alzheimer’s disease and the tau aggregation characteristic of tauopathy development and evolution. These results give evidence that the neural HS3ST2 plays a critical role in the cell autonomous self-aggregation of tau.
We present a three epoch survey for transient and variables in the extended Chandra Deep Field South at 5.5 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. A region covering ∼0.3 deg2 was observed on ...time-scales of 2.5 months and 2.5 yr and typical sensitivities 12.1–17.1 μJy beam−1 (1σ) were achieved. This survey represents the deepest search for transient and variable radio sources at 5.5 GHz. In total 124 sources were detected above the 5.5σ level. One highly variable radio source was found with ΔS > 50 per cent implying a surface density of ∼3 deg−2. A further three radio sources were found with lower levels of variability equating to a surface density of ∼13 deg−2 above a detection threshold of 82.3 μJy. All of the variable sources have inverted radio spectra (between 1.4 and 5.5 GHz) and are associated with active galactic nuclei. We conclude that these variables are young gigahertz peaked-spectrum sources with active and self-absorbed radio jets. We explore the variability completeness of this sample and conclude that the fairly low levels of variability would only be detectable in 3–25 per cent of all sources within the field. No radio transients were detected in this survey and we place an upper limit on the surface density of transient events <7.5 deg−2 above a detection threshold of 68.8 μJy.
We present the third data release from the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey. These data combine the observations at 1.4 GHz before and after upgrades to the Australia Telescope Compact Array ...reaching a sensitivity of 14 μJy beam−1 in 3.6 deg2 over the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) and of 17 μJy beam−1 in 2.7 deg2 over the European Large Area ISO Survey South 1 (ELAIS-S1). We used a variety of array configurations to maximize the uv coverage resulting in a resolution of 16 by 7 arcsec in CDFS and of 12 by 8 arcsec in ELAIS-S1. After correcting for peak bias and bandwidth smearing, we find a total of 3034 radio source components above 5σ in CDFS, of which 514 (17 per cent) are considered to be extended. The number of components detected above 5σ in ELAIS-S1 is 2084, of which 392 (19 per cent) are classified as extended. The catalogues include reliable spectral indices (Δα < 0.2) between 1.40 and 1.71 GHz for ∼350 of the brightest components.
Objective
Weight suppression (WS) and body mass index (BMI) have predicted weight change in individuals with eating disorders, but the interaction between these variables is understudied. ...Furthermore, WS is usually measured as absolute WS—the numeric difference between current weight and highest past weight—overlooking the potentially important influence of how much a person weighed at their highest historical weight.
Method
The current study investigated the independent and interacting effects of BMI and two measures of WS at admission on residential treatment weight change. WS measures included absolute WS and the relative WS index, the percentage of total body weight lost from highest past weight. Participants were women with anorexia nervosa (n = 357) or bulimia nervosa (n = 293) who provided complete data, 87% of the eligible treatment sample.
Results
In both diagnostic subsamples, BMI, absolute WS, and the relative WS index all significantly predicted weight change. The interaction between BMI and WS predicted weight change, but only when the relative WS index was used.
Discussion
Results highlight the potential importance of considering an individual's weight and weight history when predicting their treatment weight change and support the importance of utilizing both methods of calculating WS in future research.
Objective
Low participation and retention rates are persistent problems in eating disorder (ED) research. In order to improve the research process, this study used a qualitative approach to examine ...factors promoting and limiting research study participation among patients with EDs, and their preferences during research.
Method
Five 90‐min focus groups were conducted with adult women (N = 29) enrolled at a residential ED treatment facility. Facilitators asked a series of open‐ended questions about participants' experiences, opinions, and preferences with regard to ED treatment research. Transcript analysis identified themes using a consensual qualitative research approach.
Results
It was revealed that preventing others' suffering, improving ED treatment, and having low participant burden were major themes facilitating research participation. Major barriers to research participation included concern that research interferes with self‐care/recovery, burdensome nature of study design, and demeanor of the researchers/institutions involved with the study. Patients believed that the format of research assessments could be improved by better assessing the nuances of ED behaviors, examining non‐ED outcomes, and including more open‐ended questions. Patients anticipated that challenges in recovery, feelings of guilt, and logistical barriers could interfere with their ability to complete follow‐up research assessments.
Discussion
Factors related to the recruitment process, assessment format, follow‐up methods, and communication throughout the research process may need to be addressed to increase participation and retention rates. Findings indicate that recruitment strategies should include emphasizing the broader impact of the research and increasing sensitivity to the nature of patients with EDs experiences.
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