A transputer network for data acquisition in a multichannel FADC system Dieckmann, A.; Feuerstack, M.; Ihssen, H. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/1997, Letnik:
398, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Large multichannel Flash-ADC systems pose the problem of reducing and collecting data from many thousands of channels, residing in several crates. Custom systems like the DL300 Flash-ADC system used ...at the OPAL experiment at LEP, CERN, are usually more cost effective in large systems than assemblages based on standard busses, but need specific solutions to integrate them into the computing environment. Transputer links represent a powerful, yet easily usable medium for transporting data. The upgrade of the OPAL central jet chamber read-out system consists of a new crate controller with one transputer per Flash-ADC crate. The resulting transputer network handles trigger distribution, data reduction and data transportation tasks. In future experiments, transputer networks may present an option to transport data from electronics, which is tightly integrated into the detector.
Measurements are reported for spin asymmetries in inclusive and semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering on on polarised
3
He and hydrogen targets. The data were collected by the HERMES experiment at ...HERA/DESY and cover a kinematic range of 0.023 – 0.6 in ξ. The extraction of polarised quark distributions is described and preliminary results are presented. Several options for future measurements addressing the spin structure of the nucleon at DESY are mentioned.
The prospects of semi-inclusive measurements with polarized proton beams at
HERA are discussed. Detailed simulations show that one can disentangle the
valence-quark and sea-quark contribution to the ...polarized structure function
g_1(x) in the small x-domain, if the equivalent of 1000 pb-1 of data are
collected. It is also shown how semi-inclusive charged- current events can
provide information on the relative importance of the spin contribution of the
anti-s and anti-d sea quarks. Moreover, various methods to determine the
fragmentation functions in this kinematical domain are presented.
The prospects of semi-inclusive measurements with polarized proton beams at HERA are discussed. Detailed simulations show that one can disentangle the valence-quark and sea-quark contribution to the ...polarized structure function g_1(x) in the small x-domain, if the equivalent of 1000 pb-1 of data are collected. It is also shown how semi-inclusive charged- current events can provide information on the relative importance of the spin contribution of the anti-s and anti-d sea quarks. Moreover, various methods to determine the fragmentation functions in this kinematical domain are presented.
Purpose
The mechanical properties of orthodontic aligners made from thermoplastic polymers decrease over time in the intraoral milieu. However, there is a lack of information on this topic in the ...literature. Thus, the elastic properties of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) aligner films were investigated in vitro under extreme temperature changes simulated by thermocycling, environmental temperature and water absorption.
Materials and methods
A total of 60 specimens made from PETG aligner films (CA Clear Aligner, Scheu Dental, Iserlohn, Germany) were divided into three groups (immersed in distilled water, subjected to accelerated ageing by thermocycling, control). These groups were again divided and tensile testing was performed for all groups at 22 and at 37 °C. Young’s modulus (E), 0.2% offset yield strength (R
p02
) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were evaluated. Water absorption was determined using an analytical scale.
Results
All treated specimens showed water absorption, whereby specimens that were thermocycled absorbed 48% more water than the immersed ones. Young’s modulus and UTS were significantly lower for all three groups at 37 °C compared to the corresponding groups tested at 22 °C. Thermocycled and immersed groups showed a significantly lower Young’s modulus compared to the control group tested at the same temperature. The mean R
p02
was statistically different when comparing the control group tested at 22 °C to the one tested at 37 °C.
Conclusions
The results of this study add to the understanding of the clinically well-known degradation of orthodontic aligners during wear time. Extreme alternating temperatures along with warming up to intraoral temperature and water absorption can reduce the material’s Young’s modulus and may therefore promote a decrease of resulting orthodontic forces.
Earthworms emit nitrous oxide (N(2)O) via the activity of bacteria in their gut. Four N(2)O-producing facultative aerobes, ED1(T), ED5(T), MH21(T) and MH72, were isolated from the gut of the ...earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. The isolates produced N(2)O under conditions that simulated the microenvironment of the earthworm gut. ED1(T) and ED5(T) were Gram-negative, motile rods that carried out complete denitrification (i.e. the reduction of nitrate to N(2)) and contained membranous c-type cytochromes. ED1(T) grew optimally at 30 degrees C and pH 7. ED1(T) oxidized organic acids and reduced (per)chlorate, sulfate, nitrate and nitrite. The closest phylogenetic relative of ED1(T) was Dechloromonas agitata. ED5(T) grew optimally at 25 degrees C and pH 7. ED5(T) grew mainly on sugars, and nitrate and nitrite were used as alternative electron acceptors. The closest phylogenetic relatives of ED5(T) were Flavobacterium johnsoniae and Flavobacterium flevense. MH21(T) and MH72 were motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria with a three-layered cell wall. Sugars supported the growth of MH21(T) and MH72. Cells of MH21(T) grew in chains, were linked by connecting filaments and contained membranous b-type cytochromes. MH21(T) grew optimally at 30-35 degrees C and pH 7.7, grew by fermentation and reduced low amounts of nitrite to N(2)O. The closest phylogenetic relatives of MH21(T) were Paenibacillus borealis and Paenibacillus chibensis. Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characteristics, ED1(T) (= DSM 15892(T) = ATCC BAA-841(T)), ED5(T) (= DSM 15936(T) = ATCC BAA-842(T)) and MH21(T) (=DSM 15890(T) = ATCC BAA-844(T)) are proposed as type strains of the novel species Dechloromonas denitrificans sp. nov., Flavobacterium denitrificans sp. nov. and Paenibacillus anaericanus sp. nov., respectively. MH72 is considered a new strain of Paenibacillus terrae.
The main objectives of this study were (i) to determine if gut wall-associated microorganisms are responsible for the capacity of earthworms to emit nitrous oxide (N2O) and (ii) to characterize the ...N2O-producing bacteria of the earthworm gut. The production of N2O in the gut of garden soil earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) was mostly associated with the gut contents rather than the gut wall. Under anoxic conditions, nitrite and N2O were transient products when supplemental nitrate was reduced to N2 by gut content homogenates. In contrast, nitrite and N2O were essentially not produced by nitrate-supplemented soil homogenates. The most probable numbers of fermentative anaerobes and microbes that used nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor were approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher in the earthworm gut than in the soil from which the earthworms originated. The fermentative anaerobes in the gut and soil displayed similar physiological functionalities. A total of 136 N2O-producing isolates that reduced either nitrate or nitrite were obtained from high serial dilutions of gut homogenates. Of the 25 representative N2O-producing isolates that were chosen for characterization, 22 isolates exhibited >99% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with their closest cultured relatives, which in most cases was a soil bacterium, most isolates were affiliated with the gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria or with the gram-positive bacteria with low DNA G+C contents, and 5 isolates were denitrifiers and reduced nitrate to N2O or N2. The initial N2O production rates of denitrifiers were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of the nondenitrifying isolates. However, most nondenitrifying nitrate dissimilators produced nitrite and might therefore indirectly stimulate the production of N2O via nitrite-utilizing denitrifiers in the gut. The results of this study suggest that most of the N2O emitted by earthworms is due to the activation of ingested denitrifiers and other nitrate-dissimilating bacteria in the gut lumen.
Introduction: The predictive processing framework has attracted much interest in the field of schizophrenia research in recent years, with an increasing number of studies also carried out in healthy ...individuals with nonclinical psychosis-like experiences. The current research adopted a continuum approach to psychosis and aimed to investigate different types of prediction error responses in relation to psychometrically defined schizotypy.
Methods: One hundred and two healthy volunteers underwent a battery of behavioural tasks including (a) a force-matching task, (b) a Kamin blocking task, and (c) a reversal learning task together with three questionnaires measuring domains of schizotypy from different approaches.
Results: Neither frequentist nor Bayesian statistical methods supported the notion that alterations in prediction error responses were related to schizotypal traits in any of the three tasks.
Conclusions: These null results suggest that deficits in predictive processing associated with clinical states of psychosis are not always present in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits.
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