Abstract Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a potential predictor of future stroke risk with clinical relevance for antithrombotic treatments, especially in ischaemic stroke patients with atrial ...fibrillation. However, prospective data on CMBs and risk of stroke in this particular stroke population remain scarce. We therefore performed a single centre longitudinal study to investigate CMBs and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and the risk of future stroke. Consecutive acute stroke patients, admitted during 2008
–
2012 for presumed cardioembolic stroke due to non-valvular atrial fibrillation with available follow-up for the occurrence of recurrent stroke were included in our study. The rate of future stroke between patients with vs. without CMBs and moderate to severe WMH at baseline MRI was compared in separate survival and multivariable Cox regression analyses. A total of 119 cardioembolic stroke patients (49% female, median age: 76; IQR: 68
–
82 years) were included. CMBs were found at baseline in 26/119 (21.8%; 95% CI: 14.8
–
30.4%) patients. Moderate to severe WMH were present in 27/119 (22.7%; 95% CI: 15.5
–
31.3%) cases. During a median follow-up time of 17 months (IQR: 3
–
50 months), 17 of 119 patients experienced a symptomatic stroke: 14 patients had an ischaemic stoke and 3 had intracerebral haemorrhage. The overall incidence rate for ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage was 4.2 (95% CI: 2.3
–
7.1) and 0.9 (95% CI: 0.5
–
2.6) per 1000 patient-year of follow-up respectively. In multivariable Cox regression analysis the hazard ratio for total CMB number and the risk of stroke during follow-up was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.99
–
1.11; p = 0.137, per each additional CMB increase), after adjusting for CHAD2S. A similar regression analysis demonstrated that moderate to severe WMHs were independently associated with increased risk of symptomatic stroke at follow-up, after adjusting for CHAD2S (HR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.01
–
8.30; p = 0.036). Despite the small sample size, our study provides useful data to guide power calculations and likely effect sizes relevant for ongoing and future larger studies and clinical trials.
Background White matter lesions (WML) have been reported to be a surrogate marker of stroke occurrences. To investigate the recurrent stroke types associated with WML, we prospectively observed ...recurrences in stroke patients. Methods We prospectively analyzed the types of stroke recurrence in 807 patients (351 women, 69.8 ± 12.0 years old) consecutively admitted to our hospital with strokes from April 2004 to October 2009. WML were graded using Fazekas grades. Recurrence-free rate curves were generated by the Kaplan–Meier method using the log-rank test. Results The follow-up period was 31.6 ± 22.2 (range .5-71) months. During this period, 111 strokes recurred. The incidence of all stroke recurrences in 223 patients with grades 2 and 3 was 6.0% per year, which was significantly higher than that seen in 287 patients with grade 0 (2.1% per year, P = .006) and 297 patients with grade 1 (4.3% per year, P < .0001). The incidences of intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs), lacunar infarctions, and atherothrombotic infarctions in patients with grades 2 and 3 were 1.2, 1.4, and 2.4% per year, respectively, which were higher than those seen in patients with grade 0 (.3%, P = .004; .2%, P = .002; and .9% per year, P = .010) but not similar to those in patients with grade 1 (.9%, P = .180; .9%, P = .161; and 1.4% per year, P = .249). There was no significant difference among grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 in incidence of stroke recurrences presenting as cardioembolic infarctions. Conclusions The presence of high-grade WML elevated the rate of stroke recurrences presenting as ICHs, lacunar infarctions, and atherothrombotic infarctions but not as cardioembolic infarctions.
Background This study investigated the contribution of deep cerebral microbleeds (MBs) to stroke recurrences in patients with histories of deep intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) or lacunar infarctions ...(LIs). Methods We prospectively analyzed stroke recurrences in patients admitted to our hospital who were treated for deep ICHs or LIs between April 2004 and December 2011. The number of deep MBs was counted on admission. Stroke recurrence–free rate curves were generated with the Kaplan–Meier method using the log-rank test. The odds ratios (ORs) for recurrent strokes were derived using multivariate logistic regression models, based on deep MBs and risk factors. Results We evaluated magnetic resonance images or the recurrences of 231 deep-ICH patients (92 women, 68.0 ± 12.0 years old) and 309 LI patients (140 women, 70.7 ± 11.7 years old). The incidences of deep ICHs (1.5%/year) and LIs (2.1%/year) presenting as stroke recurrences were significantly larger in LI patients with deep MBs than in those without (.01 P = .0001 and .08%/year P = .005, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between deep-ICH patients with and without MBs in terms of incidence of recurrences. Multivariate analyses revealed that deep MBs independently and significantly elevated the rate of deep ICHs (OR, 19.0; P = .007) or LIs (OR, 3.62; P = .008) presenting as recurrences in LI patients, but not in deep-ICH patients, when adjusted for stroke risk factors. Conclusions There may be differences between patients with deep ICHs and those with LIs in terms of the contribution of deep MBs to stroke recurrence.
Background To investigate the recurrent stroke types associated with white matter lesions (WMLs), we prospectively observed recurrences in patients with histories of lacunar infarctions (LIs). ...Methods We prospectively analyzed the types of stroke recurrences in 305 patients (138 women, 70.2 ± 11.7 years old) consecutively admitted to our hospital with LIs from April 2004 to December 2011. WMLs were graded using Fazekas' grades (Gr). Recurrence-free rate curves were generated by the Kaplan–Meier method using the log-rank test. Results The follow-up period was 50.7 ± 32.8 (.25-114) months. During this period, 62 strokes recurred. The incidences of strokes (all types), LIs, and deep intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) presenting as recurrences in 112 patients with Gr 2-3 were 6.2, 2.0, and 1.5 %/year, respectively, values that were significantly greater than those seen in 79 patients with Gr 0 (2.1 P = .0001, .6 P = .014, and .5 %/year P = .016, respectively), and in 114 patients with Gr 1 (2.8 P = .003, .9 P = .009, and .6 %/year P = .043, respectively). There was no significant difference among Gr 0, 1, and 2-3 in incidences of recurrences presenting as lobar ICHs, atherothrombotic infarctions, or cardioembolic infarctions. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that Gr 2-3 significantly and independently elevated the rate of deep ICHs or LIs presenting as recurrences after adjustment for risk factors. Conclusions The presence of high-grade WMLs elevated the rate of stroke recurrences presenting as LIs and deep ICHs, but not other types.
Background It has been suggested that antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs elevate the rate of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with cerebral microbleeds (MBs). To investigate the mechanism ...by which antiplatelet drugs or warfarin may contribute to deep ICH occurrences in patients with deep MBs, we prospectively analyzed deep ICH occurrences in 807 consecutive patients (351 females and 456 males; mean age ± standard deviation 69.8 ± 12.0 years) who were admitted to our hospital with strokes. Methods Occurrence-free rate curves were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method; deep ICH occurrence–free rates were compared using the log-rank test. The follow-up period was 0.5 to 71 months (mean ± standard deviation 31.6 ± 22.2 months). Results In patients with deep MBs, the rates (1.0%/year; 6 ICHs in 180 patients) of deep ICH occurrence associated with antiplatelet drugs were not significantly greater than that without the drugs (1.0%/year; 6 ICHs in 167 patients; P = .977). The incidence of deep ICHs associated with warfarin use was not significantly greater than that without warfarin use. Conclusions Multivariate analysis revealed that the use of antiplatelet drugs or warfarin did not significantly influence the occurrence of deep ICH in patients with deep MBs. Antiplatelet drugs or warfarin did not significantly elevate the rate of deep ICHs in stroke patients with pre-existing deep MBs.
Nascent Deep Microbleeds and Stroke Recurrences Imaizumi, Toshio, MD, PhD; Inamura, Shigeru, MD; Kohama, Ikuhide, MD, PhD ...
Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases,
03/2014, Letnik:
23, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Background Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) on gradient echo T2∗ -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are associated with the severity of cerebral microangiopathies. This study investigated the ...contributions of nascent deep MBs to stroke recurrence. Methods We prospectively analyzed nascent deep MBs in patients admitted to our hospital who were treated for index strokes between April 2004 and November 2009. The number of nascent deep MBs was counted on T2∗ -weighted MRI scans around 1 year after the index strokes, and compared to previous MRIs on admission. Stroke recurrence–free rate curves were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method using the log-rank test. The odds ratio for nascent deep MBs was derived using a multivariate logistic regression model that was based on recurrent strokes and other risk factors. Results We evaluated the MRIs (interval between MRIs 14.6 ± 5.9 months) of 508 patients (207 women; 68.9 ± 11.5 years), with a follow-up period of 44.1 ± 15.4 months. Repeated T2 *-weighted MRI scans revealed 256 nascent deep MBs in 116 of 508 patients. The incidence of deep intracerebral hemorrhage was significantly greater in patients with nascent deep MBs than those without (2.0% vs 0.4% per year, respectively; P < .0001). Multivariate analyses revealed that the rate of nascent deep MBs was significantly elevated in patients whose stroke recurrences took the form of deep intracerebral hemorrhages (odds ratio 5.41; P = .007), when adjusted for hypertension, preexisting MBs, and other risk factors. Conclusions Our findings suggested that nascent deep MBs might be associated with stroke recurrence, in particular with deep intracerebral hemorrhage.
Background Lobar microbleeds (MBs) are occasionally visible on gradient-echo T2*-weighted (T2*-w) magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) in patients with deep intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs). This study ...investigated the contribution of nascent lobar MBs to occurrences of deep ICHs. Methods We prospectively analyzed nascent lobar MBs in patients admitted to our hospital who were treated with index strokes between April 2004 and November 2009. Numbers of nascent lobar MBs were counted on T2*-w MRI scans around 1 year after index strokes and compared with previous MRIs on admission. Deep ICH occurrence–free rate curves were generated by the Kaplan−Meier method using the log-rank test. The odds ratio (OR) for deep ICH occurrence was derived from a multivariate logistic regression model using nascent lobar MBs and risk factors. Results We investigated MRIs (interscan interval: 14.6 ± 5.9 months) of 508 patients (207 women, 68.9 ± 11.5 years), with a follow-up period of 44.1 ± 15.4 months. Repeated T2*-w MRIs demonstrated 157 nascent lobar MBs in 62 of 508 patients. The occurrence rate of deep ICHs (1.9% per year) was significantly higher in patients with nascent lobar MBs than in those without (.5% per year, P = .012). Multivariate analyses revealed that the rate of nascent lobar MBs was significantly elevated in patients with deep ICH-type stroke recurrences (OR: 3.85, P = .020), adjusted by the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, use of antithrombotic drugs, severity of white matter lesions, age, and gender. Conclusions Though a cohort study limited the power of analyses, our findings suggested that lobar MBs might be associated with deep ICH.
