Introduction
Recent studies showed that stress and anxiety increased during the Covid-19 pandemic (Bäuerle et al., 2020; Salari et al., 2020). It is important to identify factors which are related to ...this increase.
Objectives
In present study we investigated how perceived value threat of Covid-19 is related to anxiety and depression symptoms in April – May 2020 during the lockdown in Russia.
Methods
Three hundred and four participants were recruited online (M
age
=33.18, SD=13.33, 108 males, 194 females). Participants completed the Short Schwartz’s Value Survey (SSVS; Lindeman & Verkasalo, 2010). They were next asked to rate how likely their values could be threatened because of the Covid-19. They also completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1983) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996).
Results
A multiple linear regression model was built to assess how own values and values threatened by Covid-19 explain state anxiety during the lockdown. Threat to openness values was positively related to state anxiety (b=1.07, SE=.49, β=.13, p=.032). Threat to conservation values was only marginally related to state anxiety (b=1.03, SE=.58, β=.13, p=.074). The effects of self-enhancement and self-transcendence values were not significant.
Conclusions
When Covid-19 is perceived as a threat to openness to change values – hedonism, stimulation and self-direction – people experience higher level of anxiety symptoms. Interestingly, perceived threat of Covid-19 to security, conformity and tradition was only marginally related to anxiety. Future studies might explore how encouraging people to fulfill their openness to change values in a safe mode might decrease the level of anxiety.
Introduction
People with mental disorder can share negative stereotypes, related to mental disorders. This might cause self-stigmatization, which is negatively related to quality of life and ...compliance with treatment. This self-stigmatization can be non-conscious or implicit, which might complicate it detection and further therapy.
Objectives
In present study we investigated the role of values in implicit self-stigmatization among 40 women diagnosed with schizophrenia (mean age 23.77 years ±6).
Methods
Participants completed the Portrait Value Questionnaire (Schwartz, 2003) and two brief implicit association tests (BIAT), measuring implicit self-esteem and attitudes towards mental disorders (Corrigan et al., 2010). The results of two BIATs were combined as a measure of implicit self-stigmatization.
Results
A linear regression model was built. Four values (self-enhancement, self-transcendence, openness to change and conservation values) were entered as independent variables, while implicit self-stigmatization – as dependent variable. It was found that self-transcendence values were marginally negatively related to implicit self-stigmatization (b=-.122, β=-.398, SE=.064, p=.067), while other values were not significantly related to it (ps>.125).
Conclusions
Self-transcendence values – values related to the well-being of others, which include tolerance, altruism and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature – are negatively related to implicit or non-conscious self-stigmatization. This finding, although marginally significant, is in line with previous studies. Previous studies showed that self-transcendence values are also negatively associated with explicit or conscious self-stigmatization (Lannin et al., 2020). Thus, these values can be targets for programs which aim to decrease self-stigmatization tendencies among patients with mental illness.
Current research is devoted to problem of risky behavior among adolescents. Explanation and prediction of risky behavior are indispensable conditions for development of effective prophylactic ...programmes for healthy lifestyle. Research aims to study conflict of values and motivations as a disposition towards risky behavior demonstration during adolescence. Research proposes a Model of Health Value to explain health behavior among healthy adolescents and adolescents suffering from conduct disorders (demonstrating risky behaviors). Model includes investigation of cognitive and emotional attitudes towards health, health motivation and behavior. 32 male Russian adolescents suffering from conduct disorders and 32 healthy male adolescents (aged 15–17 years) participated in research. Psychodiagnostic methods were used to analyse cognitive attitude towards health (Health Locus of Control, Questionnaire of factors influencing health, Questionnaire of motivation choice) as well as projective methods (Picture Frustration Test, Unfinished sentences). Clinical interview was conducted with all adolescents, suffering from conduct disorders. Among healthy adolescents Health Value is one of the most important values, while for adolescents suffering from conduct disorders it occupies lower positions in hierarchy of values (because of values of pleasures, achievements and self-affirmation). Adolescents suffering from conduct disorders declare importance of health and at the same time demonstrate positive emotional attitude towards risky behavior, passivity in frustration situations and less differentiated cognitive attitudes towards health. Conflict of values is aggravated among adolescents with conduct disorders because of exaggerated importance of values of self-affirmation. This conflict plays an important role in risky behavior demonstration.
The evaluation of health states is involved in a patient’s medical decision making. This evaluation includes cognitive and affective components. The affective component of this evaluation may include ...the emotion of fear. For instance, some health states are more frightening than others. However, it is not yet known why. The present study investigates the link between the fear of health impairments and individual value priorities. Participants evaluated 14 health impairments from most to least frightening and selected three valued goals which could be lost in the event of those previously evaluated health states. Participants also answered the Schwarz’s Values Survey. The results confirm that value preferences are related to the fear of different health states. From one side, this link is related to personal importance of value priorities: the most frightening health states are associated with the loss of preferred value goals. From another side, this link is related to value types: the more a health state is associated with a loss of security and self-direction, the more frightening it is; the more a health state is associated with a loss of hedonism and universalism, the less frightening it is. Overall, the study showed that affective evaluation of negative health states, particularly, fear of negative health states, is related to value preferences.
Оценка нарушений здоровья пациентом играет важную роль в принятии им медицинских решений. Данная оценка включает как когнитивный, так и аффективный компоненты. Так, эмоция страха играет важную роль в поведении по отношению к здоровью. Однако неясно, почему некоторые нарушения здоровья пугают больше, чем другие. В данном исследовании изучалась связь между страхом перед нарушениями здоровья и индивидуальными ценностными предпочтениями. В дизайне корреляционного исследования респонденты оценивали 14 нарушений здоровья от наиболее к наименее пугающим, также выбирали три ценности, которые окажутся под угрозой в случае каждого из нарушений здоровья. Кроме того, респонденты заполняли опросник ценностных предпочтений Ш. Шварца. Было обнаружено, что связь между ценностными предпочтениями и страхом опосредуется двумя параметрами: значимостью ценностей и их содержанием. Во-первых, наиболее страшные нарушения здоровья ассоциируются с угрозой наиболее значимым личностным ценностям. Во-вторых, чем больше нарушения здоровья ассоциируются с ценностями самостоятельности и безопасности, тем более пугающими они являются; в то время как с ценностями гедонизма и универсализма ассоциируются наименее пугающие нарушения здоровья. В целом исследование показало, что аффективная оценка нарушений здоровья, а именно страх перед этими состояниями, связана с ценностными предпочтениями человека.
Theory of mind is a cognitive ability, which enables to understand intentions, emotions and beliefs of another person. Because of theory of mind, people are able to interpret behavior of others and ...adapt to it. Numerous psychiatric impairments are associated with damaged theory of mind and communication with others. The present review analyses the impairments of theory of mind as laying on a continuum from hypermentalization (over-attribution of intentions to others) to hypomentalization (under-attribution of intentions to others) in autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. FMRI paradigm of different subprocesses of theory of mind is described (perceptual mind-reading, cognitive theory of mind, “hot” theory of mind and implicit theory of mind). Neural mechanisms of these subprocesses and their impairments in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia analyzed.
Модель психического – это сложная психическая функция, которая позволяет приписывать другим наличие внутреннего мира и конкретные психические явления (намерения, эмоции, мысли). Именно она позволяет людям полноценно интерпретировать поведение других и адаптироваться к нему. Ряд психических расстройств и расстройств развития психики связан с нарушениями модели психического, процесса коммуникации и общения с другими людьми. В связи с этим появилось множество исследований, посвященных мозговым механизмам модели психического и ее нарушений при патологии. Особый интерес среди них представляют работы, выполненные методом функциональной магнитно-резонансной томографии (фМРТ), поскольку данный метод позволяет неинвазивное изучение индивидуальных мозговых коррелятов высокоуровневых психических процессов (и в перспективе – диагностику их нарушений). Данный обзор посвящен фМРТ-методикам изучения различных компонентов модели психического (перцептивного, когнитивного, аффективного и имплицитного) и полученным с их помощью основным результатам. С опорой на континуальную модель нарушения модели психического Б. Креспи и К. Бэдкока, которая предполагает гипо- и гиперментализацию (недостаточное и чрезмерное приписывание психических явлений другим людям) при расстройствах аутистического и психотического спектров соответственно, анализируются мозговые механизмы нарушения различных компонентов модели психического по типу гипо- и гиперактивации их нейроанатомического субстрата при расстройствах аутистического спектра и шизофрении.
Cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension de rôle des valeurs, des attitudes et des stratégies de coping dans le comportement lié à la santé et les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la ...dépression des adolescents russes et français atteints d'asthme. L'analyse de médiation a étudié les associations entre les valeurs (la valeur de santé, la valeur de la vie excitante) et le comportement (le comportement préventif et le comportement à risque) à travers les facteurs médiateurs : les attitudes affectives (explicites et implicites), cognitives (explicites) chez les adolescents atteints d'asthme et en bonne santé (N = 200). L'analyse de médiation a aussi étudié les associations entre les valeurs et les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression à travers les stratégies de coping. L'étude qualitative, basée sur une méthodologie de recherche anthropologique, a exploré la phénoménologie de l'asthme et de la santé chez les adolescents russes et français (N = 20). Les valeurs sont associées avec le comportement lié à la santé à travers les attitudes affectives et cognitives. En valorisant la santé ou la vie excitante, les adolescents utilisent des stratégies de coping spécifique à l'asthme qui influent sur les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression. En incluant les valeurs dans les programmes éducatifs il est possible de favoriser le comportement préventif et améliorer la qualité de vie chez les adolescents atteints d'asthme.
This thesis aims to help better understand the role of values, attitudes and coping strategies in health behaviors alongside with anxiety/depression symptoms among Russian and French adolescents with asthma. Mediation analysis was employed to study the associations between values (health value, value of exciting life) and health behaviors (preventive and risk behaviors) through affective (explicit and implicit) and cognitive (explicit) attitudes among adolescents suffering from asthma and healthy adolescents (N = 200). Mediation analysis has also been used to reveal the associations between values and anxiety/depression symptoms through coping strategies. Qualitative study based on anthropological research methodology were applied to study the phenomenology of asthma and health among Russian and French adolescents (N = 20). The study confirmed that values are associated with health behaviors through affective and cognitive attitudes. In valuing health or exciting life, adolescents use coping strategies specific to asthma which influence the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Inclusion of the above values in educational programs makes it possible to promote healthy behaviors and ameliorate the quality of life among adolescents with asthma.
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