Consensually non-monogamous (CNM) romantic and sexual relationships tend to be stigmatized. The present research examined this stigma across two studies. First, we qualitatively explored the specific ...ways that people in CNM relationships report experiencing stigma using thematic analysis and identified the following four themes: Expressions of discomfort/disapproval of CNM, Loss of resources/threatening behaviors, Character devaluation, and Relationship devaluation (Study 1; N = 372). Second, we examined the relationship between experienced stigma and psychological well-being for people in CNM relationships, using the framework of minority stress theory. We found that experienced stigma was positively associated with psychological distress and that this association was partially statistically mediated by anticipated stigma and internalized stigma (Study 2; N = 383). Overall, this research strives to achieve a better understanding of the processes and potential consequences of stigma toward CNM relationships and individuals.
People who are more defensive about their feedback on the Race-Attitudes Implicit Association Test (IAT) are less willing to engage in anti-bias behaviors. Extending on this work, we statistically ...clarified defensiveness constructs to predict willingness to engage in anti-bias behaviors among people who received pro-White versus no-bias IAT feedback. We replicated the finding that U.S. Americans are generally defensive toward pro-White IAT feedback, and that more defensiveness predicts less willingness to engage in anti-bias behaviors. However, people who believed their pro-White IAT feedback was an inaccurate reflection of their "true attitudes" were
willing to engage in anti-bias behaviors compared with people who received no-bias IAT feedback. These results better illuminate the defensiveness construct suggesting that receiving self-threatening feedback about bias may motivate people's willingness to engage in anti-bias behaviors in different ways depending on how people respond to that feedback.
The Implicit Association Test (IAT), like many behavioral measures, seeks to quantify meaningful individual differences in cognitive processes that are difficult to assess with approaches like ...self-reports. However, much like other behavioral measures, many IATs appear to show low test-retest reliability and typical scoring methods fail to quantify all of the decision-making processes that generate the overt task performance. Here, we develop a new modeling approach for IATs based on the geometric similarity representation (GSR) model. This model leverages both response times and accuracy on IATs to make inferences about representational similarity between the stimuli and categories. The model disentangles processes related to response caution, stimulus encoding, similarities between concepts and categories, and response processes unrelated to the choice itself. This approach to analyzing IAT data illustrates that the unreliability in IATs is almost entirely attributable to the methods used to analyze data from the task: GSR model parameters show test-retest reliability around .80-.90, on par with reliable self-report measures. Furthermore, we demonstrate how model parameters result in greater validity compared to the IAT
D
-score, Quad model, and simple diffusion model contrasts, predicting outcomes related to intergroup contact and motivation. Finally, we present a simple point-and-click software tool for fitting the model, which uses a pre-trained neural network to estimate best-fit parameters of the GSR model. This approach allows easy and instantaneous fitting of IAT data with minimal demands on coding or technical expertise on the part of the user, making the new model accessible and effective.
The well‐being of employed adults is linked to demands and resources in both work and family domains. This study takes a family systems approach to understand how an employee's work–family conflict ...and their spouse's observed work–family conflict can create stress within a family unit by negatively impacting employee and spousal perceptions of fairness in the division of household labour. This decreased fairness is related to reduced family cohesion, which we argue is a key resource in the family domain. These variables were assessed by data collected from military personnel and their spouses in a sample of 78 marital dyads. Analyses using the actor–partner interdependence model and maximum likelihood bootstrapping supported our contention that work–family conflict is related to family cohesion through perceived fairness in the division of household labour. However, after accounting for the strong direct effect employee's reported work‐to‐family conflict has on employee's psychological distress, reduced family cohesion was only directly related to the psychological distress of employee's spouses, and not employees themselves. We suggest that these findings support the importance of taking a family systems approach to more fully contextualize the impact of dual‐domain challenges on employee well‐being.
Practitioner points
Organizations need to take the family into consideration when assessing employee well‐being.
Work–family conflict directly impacts an employee's psychological well‐being and has the potential to create distress within the employee's family.
Employers should provide employees with more family‐supportive resources to reduce the strain created by work–family conflict.
There is an established inverse relationship between unemployment and psychological wellbeing. However, little is known about the processes that underlie this relationship. Using latent deprivation, ...conservation of resources, and social capital to form a theoretical framework, this study explored the relationship between the latent benefits associated with employment, family support, and financial strain. In a sample of 174 unemployed individuals, latent benefits were shown to partially mediate the relationship between family support and psychological well-being. Additionally, this mediation was moderated by financial strain, with latent benefits being more related to psychological well-being in those with greater financial strain. These findings provide guidance in understanding how to better address the needs that contribute to psychological well-being in those who are unemployed.
•Study explored the potential latent benefits of unemployed individuals•Latent benefits partially explained the relationship between family support and well-being•Financial strain moderated the relationship between latent variables and well-being•Study provides guidance to address psychological needs of those who are unemployed.
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is nearly synonymous with the implicit attitude construct. At the same time, correlations between the IAT and criterion measures are often remarkably low. ...Developed within research using explicit measures of attitudes, the correspondence principle posits that measures should better predict criteria when there is a match in terms of the level of generality or specificity at which both are conceptualized (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977). As such, weak implicit-criterion correlations are to be expected when broad general implicit measures are used to predict highly specific criteria. Research using explicit measures of attitudes consistently supports the correspondence principle, but conceptual correspondence is rarely considered by researchers using implicit measures to predict behavior and other relevant criterion measures. In five experiments (total N = 4650), we provide the first direct evidence demonstrating the relevance of the correspondence principle to the predictive validity of the IAT and Single-Target IAT. That said, it is not the case that the IAT always predicts criteria better when correspondence is high. Inconsistency across the pattern of results suggests there is much more that remains to be understood about the relevance of the correspondence principle to the implicit-criterion relationship. Taken together, however, our findings suggest that conceptual correspondence often increases (and never decreases) the magnitude of implicit-criterion and implicit-explicit relationships. We provide a framework for future research necessary to establish when correspondence is more likely to increase the predictive validity of measures such as the IAT.
Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) provide ample evidence regarding the value of mindfulness to individuals and the industrial–organizational community as a whole. However, as they noted, mindfulness ...programs and practices have not yet found widespread implementation among businesses and other organizations. Hyland et al. suggest two primary reasons for this. First, the move toward a nonjudgmental, presently aware, and accepting mind is a tall order for most individuals in our Western society who are heavily conditioned to be relatively self-interested, judgmental, and future oriented. Second, typical mindfulness programs (e.g., mindfulness based stress reduction; MBSR) may be too costly and time consuming for organizations.
To evaluate the concussion-reporting behaviors of collegiate football student athletes and gain insight into reasons contributing to the underreporting of concussion signs and symptoms. Eleven ...collegiate football student athletes with at least 1 more year of eligibility participated in focus groups using a semi-structured set of interview questions. Six major themes emerged from the data: minimization of risk, misconceptions about lasting effects, diagnostic uncertainty, pressure from coaches, athletic identity, and social identity. Student athletes appear to have a strong knowledge of the signs and symptoms of concussions, but this does not necessarily translate into reporting. They also are aware of the lasting effects, but the identity of being a football player and possibly letting their team down motivates them to continue playing. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care . 2017;9(2):71-80.
The ability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to uniquely predict relevant outcomes is critical to its theoretical and practical usefulness. The current work extended prior research to address ...three common criticisms of the incremental predictive validity of IATs. Specifically, researchers often fail to develop an understanding of the constructs captured by outcome measures, only test incremental validity over crude explicit measures, and make strong assumptions about the psychometric properties of IATs, explicit measures, and outcome measures. Findings suggested that reliable constructs can be extracted from common self-reported outcome measures in the IAT literature, that the IAT can sometimes uniquely predict outcomes over stronger explicit measures, and the measurement properties of some but not all IATs are similar enough to allow for meaningful direct comparisons. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) techniques helped to illustrate novel approaches that can guide future research aimed at better understanding the construct validity of different IATs.
An increasing number of military veterans are enrolling in public universities after completing military service. The limited research on challenges facing student veterans disproportionately focuses ...on mental health and personal characteristics, and almost no research examines how external factors such as public attitudes might impact veterans in their transition to civilian life. The current study assesses implicit and explicit public attitudes toward military veterans and their mental health. A focus on implicit attitudes is important because there is evidence that the media disproportionately presents associations between veterans and mental illness. To meet the goals of the study, an Implicit Association Test (IAT) was developed, validated, and utilized to assess the extent to which samples of undergraduate students and university employees implicitly associate veterans with PTSD-related stereotypes (e.g., violent, irritable, depressed). In general, the newly developed IAT correlated with convergent and discriminant measures in predicted directions, providing relatively strong evidence for construct validity. Across both samples, results from the IAT provide initial evidence for a moderate implicit bias toward veterans. However, findings from explicit measures reveal remarkably and uniformly positive explicit attitudes toward veterans. This implicit/explicit discrepancy suggests that individuals are either unaware of and/or motivated to disguise their negative implicit attitudes toward veterans. Implications from these findings, limitations in the current study, and directions for future research are discussed.
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