Cilj je ovoga rada bio ispitati međugeneracijske učinke kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i njihovih ponašanja na razvoj anksioznosti i depresivnosti djece. Kognitivni stil obilježen ...strepnjom označava tendenciju pojedinca da generira dinamične mentalne scenarije u kojima se prijetnja povećava i približava. Istraživanja ukazuju na povezanost toga stila i anksioznosti. S obzirom na nekonzistentnost u povezivanju toga stila i depresije, pokušali su se definirati uvjeti pod kojima se ta povezanost pojavljuje uvođenjem moderatorske varijable stresnih životnih događaja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 126 parova majki i djece. Rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu da kognitivni stil majke obilježen strepnjom ima doprinos u međugeneracijskome prijenosu anksioznosti, ali sugeriraju i njegov doprinos u objašnjenju depresivnosti. Djeca majki koje su imale izraženiji kognitivni stil obilježen strepnjom imala su višu razinu anksioznosti i depresivnosti. Roditeljska ponašanja koja uključuju modeliranje i verbalni prijenos informacija o prijetnji značajno predviđaju pojavu anksioznosti kod djece. Utvrđen potpuni medijacijski efekt upućuje na to da kognitivni stil obilježen strepnjom majki ima značajan efekt na anksioznost djece samo putem modeliranja majki te je utvrđen i medijacijski efekt modeliranja majki u odnosu kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i depresivnosti kod djece. Moderatorski efekt stresnih životnih događaja u odnosu kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i depresivnosti njihove djece nije potvrđen. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na važnost roditeljskih ponašanja u objašnjenju simptoma anksioznosti I depresivnosti kod djece.
The aim of this study was to examine the intergenerational effects of mother’s looming cognitive style and their behaviours on the development of children’s anxiety and depression. The looming cognitive style is characterized by a distinctive cognitive phenomenology and a tendency to construct mental scenarios and appraisals of unfolding threats and increasing danger. Research suggests a link between this style and anxiety. Given the inconsistency in linking the same style and depression, an attempt was made to define the conditions under which this link occurs by introducing a moderator variable of stressful life events. The study was conducted on 126 couples of mothers and children. The results confirm the hypothesis that the mother’s looming cognitive style has a contribution to the intergenerational transmission of anxiety, but also suggest its contribution to the explanation of depression. Children of mothers who had a more expressed looming cognitive style had higher levels of anxiety and depression. Parental behaviours including modelling and threat information transmission significantly predict the occurrence of anxiety in children. The established full mediation effect indicates that the mothers’ looming cognitive style has a significant effect on children’s anxiety only through maternal modelling. The mediating effect of maternal modelling in relation between maternal looming cognitive style and depression in children was also confirmed. The moderating effect of stressful life events in the relationship between maternal looming cognitive style and their children’s depression was not confirmed. The results indicate the importance of parental behaviours in the explanation of anxiety and depression symptoms in children.
Introduction: Anxiety is one of the most common psychological problems in children, with an increasing trend during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the mediating role of intolerance of ...uncertainty and cognitive emotion-regulation strategies in the relationship between stress and anxiety symptoms of children and early adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We conducted the study with 234 elementary school students (128 females) aged 11 to 15 years. The students completed the COVID-19 Stress Scale, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale for Children, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. To determine whether stress affects anxiety symptoms both directly and indirectly through intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive emotion-regulation strategies, we performed a mediation analysis with gender as a covariate. Results: Our results confirmed cognitive emotion regulation and intolerance of uncertainty as important cognitive vulnerability factors for anxiety in children and adolescents. A stressful experience contributes directly to anxiety and indirectly through higher intolerance of uncertainty and less adaptive strategies. The results serve to further improve prevention and intervention programs for children and adolescents which focus on correcting maladaptive cognitive emotion-regulation strategies and increasing tolerance of uncertainty.
The aim of the study was to examine the sources of stress that students experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to gender and change of residence, as well as the relation between ...specific sources of stress, depressive symptoms and self-rated academic functioning. The study included 923 students aged 19 to 28 (73 % females). The students completed the Stress Source Questionnaire, the Academic Functioning Questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Four groups of stress sources have been identified. The consequences of isolation represent the strongest stress source, followed by academic stress, the possibility of infection, and family sources of stress. Females experience all sources of stress more intensely than males, and students who changed their residence experience family problems and the consequences of isolation more stressfully than students who live continuously in their families. All sources of stress, except possible infection, are significant predictors of depression, while depression is a significant additional predictor of students' self-rated academic functioning after controlling for gender, change of residence, and sources of stress. The consequences of isolation, as a source of stress, have the strongest effect on depression and self-rated academic functioning.
Dosadašnje su studije o ulozi kognitivnih procesa u objašnjenju nastanka i razvoja depresije upućivale na važnost stjecanja jasnijeg uvida u njihove međusobne odnose, stoga se ovim istraživanjem ...pokušalo provjeriti kakav je doprinos metakognitivnih vjerovanja, ruminacije, potiskivanja misli i usredotočenosti objašnjenju razine depresivnosti te ispitati kakva je njihova međusobna povezanost kod kliničke i ne-kliničke skupine. Kliničku skupinu (N=70) su sačinjavale osobe oboljele od depresivnog poremećaja, a ne-kliničku (N=70) osobe bez poteškoća mentalnog zdravlja. Dobiveni su rezultati pokazali da depresivne osobe više ruminiraju, imaju pozitivnija vjerovanja o ruminaciji, nižu usredotočenu svjesnost, češće potiskuju misli te imaju negativnija vjerovanja o opasnosti i posljedicama ruminacije nego mentalno zdrave osobe. Doprinos je ruminacije kod depresivnih osoba posredovan negativnim vjerovanjima o posljedicama ruminacije dok je kod mentalno zdravih osoba ruminacija direktno povezana sa stupnjem depresivnosti. Rezultati daju dodatne smjernice u psihoterapijskom pristupu koji bi u tretmanu depresivnog poremećaja trebao uključivati i tretman ruminacije i trening usredotočene svjesnosti.
Los estudios existentes sobre el papel de los procesos cognitivos para explicar la aparición y el desarrollo de la depresión han indicado la importancia de obtener perspicacia más clara en su interconexión. Por eso, el objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar la contribución de las creencias metacognitivas, rumiación, supresión de pensamientos y concentración a la explicación del grado de depresión, tanto como examinar su interconexión dentro de los grupos clínico y no clínico. El grupo clínico (n=70) constaba de personas que sufren del trastorno depresivo y el grupo no clínico (n=70) de personas sin dificultades mentales. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado que las personas depresivas, en comparación con las personas mentalmente sanas, rumían más, tienen ideas más positivas sobre la rumiación y mente menos centrada, suprimen los pensamientos con más frecuencia y tienen ideas más negativas sobre los peligros y las consecuencias de la rumiación. Cuando se trata de las personas depresivas, la contribución de la rumiación tiene como mediador las ideas negativas sobre las consecuencias de la rumiación, mientras que la rumiación está directamente relacionada con el grado de la depresión cuando se trata de las personas mentalmente sanas. Los resultados ofrecen directrices adicionales para el enfoque psicoterapéutico que en el tratamiento del trastorno depresivo debería incluir el tratamiento de rumiación y el ejercicio de mente centrada.
Previous studies on the role of cognitive processes in explaining the origin and development of depression indicated the importance of gaining a clearer view of their relations. This research tried to test the contribution of metacognitive beliefs, rumination, thought suppression and mindfulness, explaining the levels of depression and examining their relationship in clinical and non-clinical group.
The clinical group (N=70) included individuals suffering from a depressive disorder and non-clinical (N=70) consisted of people without mental health problems. The results showed that depressed people ruminate more, have more positive beliefs about rumination, lower levels of mindfulness, often suppress thoughts, and have more negative beliefs about the dangers and consequences of rumination than mentally healthy people. In depressed individuals rumination is mediated by negative beliefs about the consequences of rumination, while in mentally healthy people rumination is directly related to the level of depression. Results may represent additional guidance in the psychotherapeutic approach and the treatment of depressive disorders should include treatment of rumination and mindfulness training.
One of the goals of the study was to check the differences in perception of adult status and fulfilment of achieved subjective criteria of adulthood regarding the transitional markers (professional ...status and living with parents) and gender. Another goal was to test the contribution of transitional markers, achieved subjective criteria of adulthood and perceived adult status on anxiety, depression and life satisfaction, with control of demographics. A sample of 572 university students, the employed, and the unemployed emerging adults, has been assessed. The measures included Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale, The Satisfaction with Life Scale, Achieved Criteria for Adulthood and Adult Status. The results show that the employed perceived the highest number of achieved adulthood criteria. After controlling for transitional markers, fewer achieved criteria of adulthood predict more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Emerging adults who perceive more achieved criteria of adulthood and who feel as adults have higher life satisfaction. The unemployed young adults, especially men, are at higher risk of having poor psychological adjustment as they struggle with the full realization of an adult role.
Cilj je rada provjeriti učinkovitost individualnih psiholoških tretmana provedenih u okviru Psihološkog savjetovališta Sveučilišta u Rijeci te provjeriti osjetljivost upitnika CORE-OM na promjene ...uslijed tretmana. U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 438 studenata riječkog Sveučilišta (od čega 70.3% djevojaka) u dobi od 17 do 32 godine, koji su su se javili u Psihološko savjetovalište zbog različitih teškoća, a najčešće zbog akademskih problema, anksioznih stanja, interpersonalnih problema i depresivnosti. Utvrđeno je da 60.1% studenata koji su se javili u Savjetovalište završava tretman, 36% ih prekida savjetovanje bez pojašnjenja, dok ih je 3.9% preusmjereno na drugo odgovarajuće mjesto. Savjetovanje u prosjeku traje šest susreta. Posebno su analizirani podaci 130 studenata koji su završili individualni tretman i ispunili upitnike CORE-OM, BDI i BAI prije i nakon tretmana. Rezultati upućuju na značajno prosječno smanjenje simptoma nakon provedenog tretmana na svim primjenjenim mjerama. Kako bi se utvrdilo jesu li promjene koje evidentira upitnik CORE-OM nakon tretmana statistički značajne na razini svakog pojedinog klijenta, korištena je metoda pouzdane i klinički značajne promjene. Izračunavanjem indeksa pouzdanosti promjene utvrđeno je da čak 92% klijenata iz kliničke skupine (s rezultatom na CORE-OM upitniku od 1.38 i višim) doživljava značajno poboljšanje ili oporavak, dok 72% iz nekliničke skupine (s rezultatom na CORE-OM upitniku ispod 1.38) postiže značajno poboljšanje. Zaključuje se da su provedeni savjetodavni tretmani vrlo uspješni. U daljnjem se praćenju efikasnosti provedenih psiholoških tretmana sa studentima preporuča korištenje upitnika CORE-OM s obzirom na to da je kratka, pouzdana i valjana mjera koja visoko korelira s rezultatima na skalama depresivnosti i anksioznosti, što su najčešći simptomi psihološke nelagode studenata koji traže pomoć u Savjetovalištu.
The aim of this study was to identify the specific cognitive,motivational and behavioural predictors of two measures of university students' academic achievement (grade point average and student ...efficacy status), after controlling ford is positional variables and student adjustment at the beginning of college. A representative sample of 250 undergraduate students was followed over a period of 3 years. Hierarchical regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted to check the contribution of the included variables. The hypothesized significant role of cognitive, behavioural and motivational factors in students' academic achievement has been confirmed, with the automatic thoughts related to the fear of disappointing parents and time and study environment management skills as the most pronounced predictors for both criteria. Outcome expectation is a significant predictor of the students' efficacy status only, while action control beliefs and goal orientations (performance and work avoidance) are significant predictors only of the GPA. In conclusion, the results suggest that, besides personality, other more manageable variables play an even more significant role in university students' academic achievement.
The aim of the present study was to explore the role of parental attachment in students' depressive symptoms. We have examined wheather initial emotional adjustment and psychological needs would ...serve as a mediator of the relationship between attachment dimensions (anxiety and avoidance) and depressive symptoms. A sample consisted of 219 students (143 females) randomly selected from the University of Rijeka, Croatia, with mean age 19.02 years. Participants provided self-report on the Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory and The Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire at the beginning of the first year of college, and The Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II at the third year of college. Results of hierarchical regression analyses confirm that emotional adjustment had a full mediation effect on anxiety dimension and partial mediation on avoidance dimension. Only a partial mediation effect of psychological needs for autonomy and relatedness between attachment and depressive symptoms was found. The findings of this study give support to the researches indicating the importance of parental attachment for college students not only through its direct effects on depressive symptoms, but also through effects on the initial emotional adjustment and satisfaction of psychological needs. The results of the mediation analysis suggest that both attachment dimensions and emotional adjustment as well as psychological need satisfaction have a substantial shared variance when predicting depressive symptoms and that each variable also gives a unique contribution to depressive symptoms.
Cilj je ovoga rada bio ispitati međugeneracijske učinke kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i njihovih ponašanja na razvoj anksioznosti i depresivnosti djece. Kognitivni stil obilježen ...strepnjom označava tendenciju pojedinca da generira dinamične mentalne scenarije u kojima se prijetnja povećava i približava. Istraživanja ukazuju na povezanost toga stila i anksioznosti. S obzirom na nekonzistentnost u povezivanju toga stila i depresije, pokušali su se definirati uvjeti pod kojima se ta povezanost pojavljuje uvođenjem moderatorske varijable stresnih životnih događaja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 126 parova majki i djece. Rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu da kognitivni stil majke obilježen strepnjom ima doprinos u međugeneracijskome prijenosu anksioznosti, ali sugeriraju i njegov doprinos u objašnjenju depresivnosti. Djeca majki koje su imale izraženiji kognitivni stil obilježen strepnjom imala su višu razinu anksioznosti i depresivnosti. Roditeljska ponašanja koja uključuju modeliranje i verbalni prijenos informacija o prijetnji značajno predviđaju pojavu anksioznosti kod djece. Utvrđen potpuni medijacijski efekt upućuje na to da kognitivni stil obilježen strepnjom majki ima značajan efekt na anksioznost djece samo putem modeliranja majki te je utvrđen i medijacijski efekt modeliranja majki u odnosu kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i depresivnosti kod djece. Moderatorski efekt stresnih životnih događaja u odnosu kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i depresivnosti njihove djece nije potvrđen. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na važnost roditeljskih ponašanja u objašnjenju simptoma anksioznosti i depresivnosti kod djece.
Social anxiety often leads to various interpersonal problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of the need to hide the true self from others and of experiencing positive ...emotions in explaining the friendship quality of socially anxious students. The study was conducted with 630 students from three Croatian universities. The participants filled out the following questionnaires: General data questionnaire, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Social Phobia Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, The Core Extrusion Schema Measure and Friendship Quality Questionnaire. The results of hierarchical regression analysis, after controlling for gender and both types of social fears, indicate that the specific significant predictors of students' friendship quality are the need to hide the true self and the frequency of experiencing positive emotions. Gender is the consistent significant predictor, but does not moderate the relationship between social anxiety and friendship quality. The obtained results are useful in theoretical understanding of self-disclosure and the development of close relationships, and have practical implications that can be useful in therapy for socially anxious people who tend to use the strategy of hiding the true self. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
PDF
