The pre-Quaternary sediments and rocks in Denmark generally have a low content of radioactive minerals and elements. Uranium, thorium and radium are built into mineral structures or are, for example, ...adsorbed on the surface of clay minerals, Fe-minerals or organic material. Radon (222Rn) is a radioactive noble insoluble gas with a half-life of 3.8 days. It belongs to the uranium (238U) decay chain where radon is formed from radium (226Ra). When Rn is formed by radioactive decay from Ra, the emanation process sends part of the radon produced into the pore spaces of rocks and soils. From here, the radon can enter and accumulate in buildings. The source of the radioactive materials in Danish sediments and rocks is primarily from weathered Precambrian crystalline rocks from Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Danish island of Bornholm. Physical and chemical weathering disintegrates these rocks and rivers transport the material into the Danish–Norwegian and Danish–Polish sedimentary basins.
The microdialysis technique was initially developed for monitoring neurotransmitters in animals. In 1995 the technique was adopted to clinical use and bedside enzymatic analysis of glucose, pyruvate, ...lactate, glutamate and glycerol. Under clinical conditions microdialysis has also been used for studying cytokines, protein biomarkers, multiplex proteomic and metabolomic analyses as well as for pharmacokinetic studies and evaluation of blood-brain barrier function. This review focuses on the variables directly related to cerebral energy metabolism and the possibilities and limitations of microdialysis during routine neurosurgical and general intensive care. Our knowledge of cerebral energy metabolism is to a large extent based on animal experiments performed more than 40 years ago. However, the different biochemical information obtained from various techniques should be recognized. The basic animal studies analyzed brain tissue homogenates while the microdialysis technique reflects the variables in a narrow zone of interstitial fluid surrounding the probe. Besides the difference of the volume investigated, the levels of the biochemical variables differ in different compartments. During bedside microdialysis cerebral energy metabolism is primarily reflected in measured levels of glucose, lactate and pyruvate and the lactate to pyruvate (LP) ratio. The LP ratio reflects cytoplasmatic redox-state which increases instantaneously during insufficient aerobic energy metabolism. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by a marked increase in intracerebral LP ratio at simultaneous decreases in intracerebral levels of pyruvate and glucose. Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by a moderate increase in LP ratio at a very marked increase in cerebral lactate and normal or elevated levels of pyruvate and glucose. The patterns are of importance in particular for interpretations in transient cerebral ischemia. A new technique for evaluating global cerebral energy metabolism by microdialysis of the draining cerebral venous blood is discussed. In experimental studies it has been shown that pronounced global cerebral ischemia is reflected in venous cerebral blood. Jugular bulb microdialysis has been investigated in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage, during cardiopulmonary bypass and resuscitation after out of hospital cardiac arrest. Preliminary results indicate that the new technique may give valuable information of cerebral energy metabolism in clinical conditions when insertion of an intracerebral catheter is contraindicated.
The surface morphology of Denmark is predominantly of glacial origin, created in depositional, deformational and erosional environments. In addition, postglacial marine, freshwater and aeolian ...processes have formed a variety of landforms. Overviews of the Danish landscape were published as geomorphological maps (Milthers 1948; Schou 1949; Smed 1981), and a new one is currently in preparation. On Bornholm, the morphology differs from the rest of the country because bedrock is present at or near the surface. This paper describes drumlins formed on bedrock on Bornholm, which have not previously been recognised.
Denmark: happy to fight, will travel Jakobsen, Peter Viggo; Rynning, Sten
International affairs (London),
07/2019, Letnik:
95, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
Over the past thirty years Denmark has become a capable and willing expeditionary ally, not least on account of an accelerated investment in new forces in the early to mid-2000s. With the ...2005–2009 defence agreement the Danish Army scrapped its concept of conscripted mobilization and fully committed to deployable capacities; the navy became a ‘blue water’ navy given the commitment to build two combat support ships and three frigates and to scrap the submarine force; and the air force fully focused its organization on specialized and deployable ‘wings’. The literature suggests that external threats and technological innovation are key drivers of military change, which in broad strokes helps us understand Danish change—but not in full. As a small state, Denmark has been particularly attuned to the threat of abandonment by its NATO allies and the concomitant but rival desire to pay as little for defence as possible. NATO standing and money are thus the critical drivers of Danish military change and we are able to show how they have shaped three successive waves of military reform, beginning piecemeal in the 1990s and then continuing with deeper waves of reform in 2001 and 2014. Civil–military relations have throughout been quite solid and enabled change, which has to do with the political priority of securing Denmark's standing in NATO with as little money as possible, leaving it to the military services to figure out how to shape the toolkit.
A motorway was constructed in 2010–2016 through the suburbs of the city of Silkeborg (Fig. 1). The Danish Road Directorate wished to climate-proof the motorway against adverse future climate changes. ...The directorate collaborated with the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) to study the hydrological conditions. Studies of historical and projected climate-change-driven variations in groundwater levels in relation to urbanised hydrological fluxes were conducted by Kidmose et al. (2013, 2015). During the construction of the motorway, Miocene and Quaternary deposits were exposed in the slopes of the Gudenå valley and late-glacial glaciofluvial deposits were found in the valley floor. This paper focuses on the Miocene sediments and their influence on the local hydrological conditions.
At Silkeborg the Gudenå valley is c. 35 m deep (Fig. 1). The surrounding terrain is a till plain. In the slope of the valley, glaciofluvial sand is found below the till. Miocene deposits are found below the glaciofluvial sand. The floor of the Gudenå valley is covered by c. 15 m thick glaciofluvial deposits, which rest on Miocene deposits. In borehole no. DGU 87.907 49 m of Miocene deposits belonging to the Vejle Fjord Formation are recorded, consisting primarily of marine clay with minor occurrences of sandy deposits. About 12 km south of Silkeborg lower Miocene deposits are seen in outcrops and boreholes (Fig. 2). Here the fluvial Addit Member of the Billund Formation (Rasmussen et al. 2010) is separated from the underlying marine Vejle Fjord Formation by a sharp erosional contact (Rasmussen 2014).
West of København, the top of the pre-Quaternary limestone is found near the terrain surface. There is only a relatively thin cover of Quaternary deposits, which makes the limestone vulnerable to ...pollution. Region Hovedstaden, being responsible for treating polluted sites, therefore asked GEO and the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland to describe the geology and hydraulic characteristics of the limestone formations (Galsgaard et al. 2014). During this work new information and data were collected and a revised geological model established for the area between København and Roskilde (Fig. 1). The model is based on seismic sections, a revised map of the pre-Quaternary surface, biostratigraphy, borehole information and geophysical data. This paper presents the revised geological model.
There is almost universal agreement that the European security and defence policy (ESDP) has been driven and determined by the great powers (the UK, France and Germany). I challenge this view by ...arguing that the Nordic countries have had a significant, and at times even decisive, influence upon the civilian ESDP. They put civilian crisis management on the ESDP agenda and successfully kept it there in the face of strong opposition led by France; they have played central roles with respect to proposing and designing its concepts and institutions; and they have consistently made disproportionate mission contributions in terms of both personnel and treasure. I identify three factors that have blinded researchers to the Nordic role and explain the Nordic influence with four explanatory factors derived from the emerging literature on the European Union (EU) and small states. I thus rely on existing theory to make an empirical contribution to the field.
Cohousing has caught the attention of activists, academics and decision-makers, and Danish experiences with cohousing as bofællesskaber are routinely highlighted as pioneering and successful. This ...article presents a mainly quantitative analysis of the development of Danish intergenerational cohousing and investigates socio-economic characteristics of residents in these communities. First, the article demonstrates how the development of Danish cohousing has been undergirded by distinct shifts in dominant tenure forms. Second, it shows that inhabitants in contemporary Danish cohousing are socio-economically distinct. This does not diminish the value of cohousing, but it problematises assumptions about the social sustainability of this housing form.
Aggregates and other mineral raw materials are important prerequisites for the continual development of the infrastructure and economic growth of a country. The production of these raw materials in ...Denmark amounted to c. 4.5 m3 per capita in 2012, which was 57% higher than the average in EU and EFTA countries (UEPG 2014). In this perspective, it is essential to locate and assess the Danish mineral resources in order to plan future exploitation, especially in densely populated regions where both spatial competition for landuse and demands for raw materials are high. Here we present the methods used in a recent resource evaluation that for the first time includes Danish resources both on land and at sea and summarises some of the main findings of this analysis.
Glaciotectonic deformations often result in a high degree of variability, including glaciotectonic and sedimentary variability. Redeposition of sediments during deformation increases the variability. ...Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a good method to determine sedimentary structures in glaciofluvial deposits (Olsen & Andreasen 1994; Van Overmeeren 1998) as well as glaciotectonic structures (Busby & Merrit 1999; Overgaard & Jakobsen 2001). Reflection facies analysis (radar facies) is a useful tool in the characterisation and interpretation of deformed sediments (Van Overmeeren 1998; Jakobsen & Overgaard 2002; Lerche et al. 2014). A GPR survey was carried out at Jyderup Skov in Odsherred in north-west Sjælland (Fig. 1). The presence of parallel ridges in the area indicates glaciotectonic deformation. The aim of the GPR study was to map the interior of the ridge complex and to interpret the genesis of the ridges.
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