We investigated the horizontal migration and transformation of nitrogen in soil with oxalic acid and inhibitors (e.g., nitrification inhibitors, DMPP, urease inhibitors, and NBPT) under different ...soil water contents to provide a basis for the efficient utilization of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural production in karst areas.
Four nitrogen fertilizers (e.g., ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and urea) were applied separately and combined with oxalic acid, DMPP, and NBPT. The ammonium and nitrate nitrogen contents in the different soil layers were measured. The soil columns were cultured through an indoor soil column simulation at water content levels of 30%, 40%, and flooded (50%) for 30 days.
Ammonium bicarbonate with inhibitors increased soil NH
-N content by 15.42-21.12%. Ammonium sulfate with oxalic acid or NBPT increased soil NH
-N content by 27.56-52.25% at 30% and 40% moisture content treatments, compared to ammonium sulfate alone. Urea with DMPP application significantly increased soil NH
-N content by 11.93-14.87% at 40% water content and flooded conditions. In all treatments, the NH
-N content in the soil treated with 30% water content of ammonium chloride with oxalic acid was the highest. The NH
-N content showed a decreasing trend with an increase in the water content. The NO
-N content in soil treated with ammonium bicarbonate and DMPP was higher than that treated with other nitrogen fertilizers at 30% moisture. The NO
-N content decreased with increased water content. Under all treatments, ammonium chloride with oxalic acid had the highest percentage of soil NH
-N and soil soluble inorganic nitrogen at 30% water content, with 55.29% and 55.97%, respectively.
Among the nitrogen fertilizer treatments, the soil NH
-N content increased in ammonium bicarbonate with DMPP or NBPT, ammonium sulfate with oxalic acid or NBPT, and urea with DMPP. The four nitrogen fertilizers with DMPP increased the soil NO
-N content. Nitrogen fertilizer combined with oxalic acid and inhibitors could effectively improve the effective use of nitrogen fertilizer.
Land use change affected by wide ranges of human activities is a key driver of global climate change. In the last three decades, China has experienced unprecedented land use change accompanied by ...increasing environmental problems. There is a pressing need to project and analyze long-term land use scenarios that are critical for land use planning and policymaking. Using GlobeLand30 data, we examined China's land use change from 2000 to 2010, and developed a novel LandCA model for scenario projections from 2020 to 2050. The observed and projected land use change (2000–2050) was analyzed in terms of the interval, category, and transition levels. Our findings show that land Exchange intensity is more than 3 times greater than land Quantity intensity from 2000 to 2050, and the overall rate of land use change will decelerate from 2010 to 2050. During 2000–2010, the loss of built-up land to other categories was 12.7% while the gain was 32.5%, with a growth rate 3.4 times larger than that during 2010–2050. The total amount of cultivated land continuously decreases but will not violate the Chinese “Cultivated Land Red-Line Restriction” by 2050. We speculate that the government's goal of 26% forest cover by 2050 may not be achieved, as a result of strict land use policies preventing the transformation from cultivated land to forests. This study contributes to new evaluations of long-term land use change in China for the government to adjust policies and regulations for sustainable development.
•We modeled China's land use change during 2000–2050.•Exchange intensity is more than 3 times of the quantity intensity during 2000–2050.•The total cultivated area by 2050 will not violate the government's restriction.•The goal of 26% forest coverage by 2050 may not be achieved; and.•The built-up area growth rate during 2000–2010 is 3.4 times that from 2010 to 2050.
Microbes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other eukaryotic organisms, are commonly present in multiple organs of the human body and contribute significantly to both physiological and ...pathological processes. Nowadays, the development of sequencing technology has revealed the presence and composition of the intratumoral microbiota, which includes Fusobacterium, Bifidobacteria, and Bacteroides, and has shed light on the significant involvement in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we summarized the current understanding of the intratumoral microbiota in CRC and outline the potential translational and clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. We focused on reviewing the development of microbial therapies targeting the intratumoral microbiota to improve the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy and immunotherapy for CRC and to identify biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. Finally, we emphasized the obstacles and potential solutions to translating the knowledge of the intratumoral microbiota into clinical practice.
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During the laser treatment of pigmented dermatosis such as Nevus of Ota, vapor bubbles will be generated by the laser with short pulse width and high energy density. Laser irradiation is efficacious ...for the clinical treatment of Ota’s Nevus caused by hyperplasia of melanosomes in dermis. Since the mechanism of the laser–melanosome interaction is not yet clear, the clearance rate is generally low and bleeding of irradiated skin frequently occurs. This work conducted a flow visualization experiment to investigate the laser–melanosome interaction mechanism by using high-speed imaging. Pigmented phantom was prepared to simulate the diseased dermis tissue, where agar acted as substrate and synthetic melanin particles was infused as hyperplastic melanosomes. Putting the phantom into water, its thermo-mechanical responses to single-pulse 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser irradiation with energy density of 4–7 J/cm2 and pulse duration of 6 ns were recorded. The results indicated that laser-induced bubble formation caused by the gasification of tissue moisture is the key mechanism of laser–melanosome interaction, and an optimal energy density of 6 J/cm2 is recommended.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignancy of the thyroid gland, with a relatively high cure rate. Distant metastasis (DM) of PTC is uncommon, but when it occurs, it ...significantly decreases the survival of PTC patients. The molecular mechanisms of DM in PTC have not been systematically studied. We performed whole exome sequencing and GeneseeqPrime (425 genes) panel sequencing of the primary tumor, plasma and matched white blood cell samples from 20 PTC with DM and 46 PTC without DM. We identified somatic mutations, gene fusions and copy number alterations and analyzed their relationships with DM of PTC. BRAF‐V600E was identified in 73% of PTC, followed by RET fusions (14%) in a mutually exclusive manner (P < 0.0001). We found that gene fusions (RET, ALK or NTRK1) (P < 0.01) and chromosome 22q loss (P < 0.01) were independently associated with DM in both univariate and multivariate analyses. A nomogram model consisting of chromosome 22q loss, gene fusions and three clinical variables was built for predicting DM in PTC (C‐index = 0.89). The plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection rate in PTC was only 38.9%; however, it was significantly associated with the metastatic status (P = 0.04), tumor size (P = 0.001) and invasiveness (P = 0.01). In conclusion, gene fusions and chromosome 22q loss were independently associated with DM in PTC and could serve as molecular biomarkers for predicting DM. The ctDNA detection rate was low in non–DM PTC but significantly higher in PTC with DM.
The study identified gene fusion and somatic copy number alterations, particularly chromosome 22q loss, to be risk factors for distance metastasis (DM) of PTC and provided a convenient tool for the prediction of PTC DM.
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas belongs to one of the most species-rich but genomically poorly explored phyla, the Mollusca. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the oyster genome using ...short reads and a fosmid-pooling strategy, along with transcriptomes of development and stress response and the proteome of the shell. The oyster genome is highly polymorphic and rich in repetitive sequences, with some transposable elements still actively shaping variation. Transcriptome studies reveal an extensive set of genes responding to environmental stress. The expansion of genes coding for heat shock protein 70 and inhibitors of apoptosis is probably central to the oyster's adaptation to sessile life in the highly stressful intertidal zone. Our analyses also show that shell formation in molluscs is more complex than currently understood and involves extensive participation of cells and their exosomes. The oyster genome sequence fills a void in our understanding of the Lophotrochozoa.
This study examines the relationship between the variance of others' contributions, social norms (empirical and normative expectations), and cooperative behavior using a classic linear public goods ...game. The following results are observed. First, the variance of a participant's group members' contributions had a negative impact on their contributions, empirical expectations, and normative expectations. Second, deviations from the mean, whether negative or positive, were deemed less socially appropriate. Third, while there was a strong relationship between variance, social norms, and cooperative behavior, the mediating effect of social norms was found to be insignificant. Finally, there were some notable findings regarding behavior type. Although free riders and cooperators exhibited distinct behavioral patterns, their normative expectations were similar. Free riders expected others to cooperate, but their empirical expectations were significantly lower than cooperators' expectations, which were aligned with their actual contributions. These findings contribute to research on the relationship between distribution heterogeneity, social norms and cooperative behavior. Furthermore, these findings provide valuable insights into management practices.
Abstract Psoralea corylifolia L. (PCL), referred to as “Bu-gu-zhi” in Chinese, has great medicinal values since ancient times. PCL is the dried ripe fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., which has been ...widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of kidney-yang deficiency, enuresis and urinary frequency, chills and pain of the waist and knees, dawn diarrhea and vitiligo. In this paper, a systematic of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control and pharmacokinetics of PCL was presented, along with future research directions. According to the results, PCL contains approximately 163 chemical components, including coumarins, flavonoids, monoterpene phenols, benzofurans, glycosides, lipids, fatty acids, and volatile oils. PCL and its active ingredients have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antitumor, antiosteoporosis, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory. Further study of quality control standards and potential mechanisms of PCL is also needed. In addition, more toxicological studies will also contribute to the progress of clinical trials.
Land surface temperature (LST) is a fundamental Earth parameter, on both regional and global scales. We used seven Landsat images to derive LST at Suzhou City, in spring and summer 1996, 2004, and ...2016, and examined the spatial factors that influence the LST patterns. Candidate spatial factors include (1) land coverage indices, such as the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the normalized difference water index (NDWI), (2) proximity factors such as the distances to the city center, town centers, and major roads, and (3) the LST location. Our results showed that the intensity of the surface urban heat island (SUHI) has continuously increased, over time, and the spatial distribution of SUHI was different between the two seasons. The SUHIs in Suzhou were mainly distributed in the city center, in 1996, but expanded to near suburban, in 2004 and 2016, with a substantial expansion at the highest level of SUHIs. Our buffer-zone-based gradient analysis showed that the LST decays logarithmically, or decreases linearly, with the distance to the Suzhou city center. As inferred by the generalized additive models (GAMs), strong relationships exist between the LST and the candidate factors, where the dominant factor was NDBI, followed by NDWI and NDVI. While the land coverage indices were the LST dominant factors, the spatial proximity and location also substantially influenced the LST and the SUHIs. This work improved our understanding of the SUHIs and their impacts in Suzhou, and should be helpful for policymakers to formulate counter-measures for mitigating SUHI effects.
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