Forests are alive, filled with rich, biologically complex life forms and the interrelationships of multiple species and materials. Vulnerable to a host of changing conditions in this global era, ...forests are in peril as never before. New markets in carbon and environmental services attract speculators. In the name of conservation, such speculators attempt to undermine local land control in these desirable areas.Moral Ecology of a Forestprovides an ethnographic account of conservation politics, particularly the conflict between Western conservation and Mayan ontological ecology. The difficult interactions of the Maya of central Quintana Roo, Mexico, for example, or the Mayan communities of the Sain Ka'an Biosphere, demonstrate the clashing interests with Western biodiversity conservation initiatives. The conflicts within the forest of Quintana Roo represent the outcome of nature in this global era, where the forces of land grabbing, conservation promotion and organizations, and capitalism vie for control of forests and land.Forests pose living questions. In addition to the ever-thrilling biology of interdependent species, forests raise questions in the sphere of political economy, and thus raise cultural and moral questions. The economic aspects focus on the power dynamics and ideological perspectives over who controls, uses, exploits, or preserves those life forms and landscapes. The cultural and moral issues focus on the symbolic meanings, forms of knowledge, and obligations that people of different backgrounds, ethnicities, and classes have constructed in relation to their lands. The Maya Forest of Quintana Roo is a historically disputed place in which these three questions come together.
Forests are alive, filled with rich, biologically complex life forms and the interrelationships of multiple species and materials. Vulnerable to a host of changing conditions in this global era, ...forests are in peril as never before. New markets in carbon and environmental services attract speculators. In the name of conservation, such speculators attempt to undermine local land control in these desirable areas.
Moral Ecology of a Forest provides an ethnographic account of conservation politics, particularly the conflict between Western conservation and Mayan ontological ecology. The difficult interactions of the Maya of central Quintana Roo, Mexico, for example, or the Mayan communities of the Sain Ka’an Biosphere, demonstrate the clashing interests with Western biodiversity conservation initiatives. The conflicts within the forest of Quintana Roo represent the outcome of nature in this global era, where the forces of land grabbing, conservation promotion and organizations, and capitalism vie for control of forests and land.
Forests pose living questions. In addition to the ever-thrilling biology of interdependent species, forests raise questions in the sphere of political economy, and thus raise cultural and moral questions. The economic aspects focus on the power dynamics and ideological perspectives over who controls, uses, exploits, or preserves those life forms and landscapes. The cultural and moral issues focus on the symbolic meanings, forms of knowledge, and obligations that people of different backgrounds, ethnicities, and classes have constructed in relation to their lands. The Maya Forest of Quintana Roo is a historically disputed place in which these three questions come together.
En la presente investigación cualitativa, basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas a expertos de organizaciones no gubernamentales y en relatos de vida con jóvenes pandilleros, se analiza la ...incidencia de las pandillas juveniles en la Agenda de Desarrollo en El Salvador y se identifican los factores de riesgo de las políticas orientadas a la juventud. Los principales resultados del estudio reflejan cómo las pandillas juveniles, la violencia y el fracaso de las políticas públicas han limitado la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo. A este respecto, se presentan una serie de propuestas para reducir la violencia y el impacto de esta en la sociedad civil, apoyándose en las organizaciones no gubernamentales y en el fortalecimiento de las instituciones y la democracia
This work makes a technical and economic evaluation of incorporation of reheating and regeneration, as a way to increase efficiency of energetic systems and bagasse surplus, in cogeneration systems ...of Brazilian sugar and ethanol sector. Four scenarios were analyzed: Conventional (C0), with Reheat (C1), Regenerative (C2) and with Reheat and Regeneration (C3). Some of thermodynamic indicators used in evaluation were Surplus Bagasse Index and Exergetic Efficiency, for economic evaluation the Monte Carlo Method was used to give a Net Present Value (NPV) > 0 for each scenario. Technical evaluation indicates that Reheating (C1) increases bagasse surplus by 39.9% and exergetic efficiency by 1.90%, with respect to C0. Incorporation of 1–8 regenerators (C2) increases surplus bagasse and exergetic efficiency in the ranges of 103–160% and 5.03–8.07%, respectively. Reheat stage incorporation of 1–8 regenerators (C3) increases surplus bagasse in the range of 121–166% and increases exergetic efficiency in a range of 5.91–8.46%. Finally, it was estimated the potential of additional electric power generation during off-season and second generation ethanol production from surplus bagasse, with satisfactory results.
•Technical and economical evaluation of steam reheating and regeneration schemes.•Increase of surplus bagasse in cogeneration systems in sugar-ethanol plants.•High efficiency in conventional cogeneration systems at sugar-ethanol factories.•Additional electric energy generation at off-season with surplus bagasse.•Off-season electricity generation plus 2nd generation bioethanol with surplus bagasse.
Epidemiology of home enteral nutrition: an approximation to reality Villar Taibo, Rocío; Martínez Olmos, Miguel Ángel; Bellido Guerrero, Diego ...
Nutrición hospitalaria : organo oficial de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral,
2018-Jun-07, Letnik:
35, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
home enteral nutrition (HEN) has undergone an important development; however, there is a notable lack of information with regard to its incidence and characteristics.
our aim was to assess the state ...of HEN in our area.
an observational, prospective study, involving all patients who had initiated HEN in the Nutrition Unit during a year. Epidemiological, functional, and nutritional evolution of the patients was described and incidence of HEN was calculated.
HEN incidences totalled 229/100,000 inhabitants/year. The HEN population in our area was characterized by the aged and a high frequency of comorbidity and functional limitations. Neurological and oncological diseases accounted for 50% of indications. The remaining cases were malnourished patients who had received short periods of HEN after hospitalization or a hip fracture. Oral supplements (60%) with standard and hypercaloric formulas were used the most. At baseline, 75% of the patients suffered from malnutrition. During the follow-up, patients showed weight gain (1.6%), an increase in the percentage of normal weight and overweight (from 74% to 82.7%, p = 0.001) and a reduction in pressure ulcers (15.7% vs10.3%, p < 0.001). The median duration of HEN was 8.5 months. Only a quarter of the patients experienced complications (mostly mild gastrointestinal complications); 43.1% had died at the end of the follow-up.
in our area, the HEN incidence was much higher than those described in the literature. HEN appears to be a safe therapy with few complications that improves the nutritional status of the patients, even with short periods of administration.
El presente artículo aborda una investigación cualitativa rigurosa cuyos resultados reflejan las causas que generan la vulnerabilidad de niños y adolescentes ante la influencia de las pandillas y ...cómo estos pasan de víctimas a victimarios. Se describe el papel que juegan los adolescentes en las principales pandillas y los factores que inciden en la responsabilidad del Estado sobre la desprotección de la niñez y la adolescencia.
La fertilización es una de las actividades más importantes y costosas en la producción de plantas forestales en contenedor. La aplicación de fertilizantes de liberación controlada (FLC) permite ...disminuir costos, al ser incorporados en el sustrato en un sólo evento. Sin embargo, es necesario definir la dosis óptima con base a las necesidades nutricionales de cada especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de tres dosis de FLC en el crecimiento morfológico y en la eficiencia del uso de nitrógeno (EUN) en plantas de Pinus cooperi C. E. Blanco en vivero. Como fertilizante se utilizó Multicote 8® 18-6-12 de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K) en tres dosis: 4, 6 y 8 g L-1 de sustrato. A las 49 semanas de cultivo se evaluó el diámetro en la base del tallo, la altura, el peso seco aéreo y de la raíz, y su relación. Se realizó un análisis foliar de N, P y K para determinar el estado nutricional de las plantas mediante análisis de vectores y EUN. Los tratamientos se analizaron bajo un diseño completamente al azar con análisis de varianzas (ANOVA) y pruebas de medias de Tukey. Los individuos fertilizados con dosis de 6 y 8 g L-1 tuvieron mejores atributos morfológicos. La relación de peso seco aéreo / peso seco radicular se mantuvo en los valores deseables en todos los tratamientos. El contenido de N, P y K fue superior con las dosis de 6 y 8 g L-1, aunque la EUN se incrementó a medida que la dosis de FLC fue menor. Los nomogramas de vectores indican que una dosis alta no tiene un efecto en el crecimiento, incluso puede existir toxicidad por fertilización excesiva. Se concluye que la dosis de 6 g L-1 de FLC favorece el crecimiento y nutrición de P. cooperi en vivero.
We present radiocarbon (14C) in tree rings from Mexico City and a reconstruction of fossil CO2 concentrations for the last five decades, as part of a research program to understand the 14C dynamics ...in this complex urban area. Background values were established by 14C concentrations in tree rings from a nearby clean area. Agreement between background and NH-zone 2 values indicate Taxodium mucronatum is a good biomonitor for annual atmospheric 14C variations. Values for the urban tree rings were significantly lower than background values, indicating a 14C depletion from fossil CO2 emissions. There is an increasing trend of fossil CO2 between 1960 and 1990, in agreement with the population growth and the increasing demand for fossil fuels in Mexico City. Between 1990 and 2000, there is an apparent decrease in fossil CO2 concentration, increasing again after 2000. The decrease in 2000, despite being of the same magnitude as the overall uncertainty, may reflect environmental policies that improved the energy efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions in the area. The increase in fossil CO2 concentration between 2000 and 2010 may be attributable to the significant growth of motor vehicle usage in Mexico City, which made transportation the main energy-demanding and -emitting sector.
Human fungal infections remain a major challenge in medicine. Only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available, which are often related to severe adverse effects. In addition, there is an ...increased emergence related to resistant strains, which makes imperative to understand the host-pathogen interactions as well as to develop alternative treatments. Host innate and adaptive immunity play a crucial role controlling fungal infections; therefore, vaccines are a viable tool to prevent and treat fungal pathogens. Innate immunity is triggered by the interaction between the cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such an initial immunological response is yet little understood in fungal infections, in part due to the complexity and plasticity of the fungal cell walls. Described host cell-fungus interactions and antigenic molecules are addressed in this paper. Furthermore, antigens found in the cell wall and capsule, including peptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycans, have been used to trigger specific immune responses, and an increased production of antibodies has been observed when attached to immunogenic molecules. The recent biotechnological advances have allowed the development of vaccines against viral and bacterial pathogens with positive results; therefore, this technology has been applied to develop anti-fungal vaccines. Passive immunization has also emerged as an appealing alternative to treat disseminated mycosis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Those approaches have a long way to be seen in clinical cases. However, all studies discussed here open the possibility to have access to new therapies to be applied alone or in combination with current antifungal drugs. Herein, the state of the art of fungal vaccine developments is discussed in this review, highlighting new advances against
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El cuidador familiar (CF) facilita la extensión al hogar de los servicios de salud para el creciente número de adultos mayores (AM). El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de una ...intervención de masaje terapéutico (MT) aplicado recíprocamente entre AM y CF, para medir cambios en la limitación del movimiento cervical y la percepción de apoyo recibido de parte de cada integrante de la pareja. Al término de la intervención se identificó un aumento significativo en el arco de movimiento del raquis cervical en el AM y CF al comparar las puntuaciones pre-post, sugiriéndose que el MT puede revertir la limitación de movilidad cervical en proveedor y receptor de cuidados, así como favorecer la percepción de apoyo mutuo.
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