Prema hipotezi zamišljenog kontakta dovoljna je samo vizualizacija socijalnog kontakta pozitivnog tona prema vanjskoj grupi kako bi došlo do promjene u negativnim stavovima. U ovom je istraživanju ...ispitivana uloga kapaciteta radnog pamćenja u zamišljenom kontaktu. Provedene su dvije studije. U prvoj je, kvazieksperimentalnoj studiji, pokazano da osobe koje imaju manji kapacitet radnog pamćenja imaju negativnije opise zamišljenog kontakta i negativnije stavove prema vanjskoj grupi u odnosu na osobe većeg kapaciteta radnog pamćenja. Druga, eksperimentalna studija, proširila je nalaze prve studije te je pokazano da su osobe koje su neposredno pred zamišljanje kontakta s članom vanjske grupe imale dodatno opterećenje radnog pamćenja posljedično imale negativnije opise zamišljenog kontakta i negativnije stavove prema članovima vanjske grupe nego skupina ispitanika koja nije imala dodatno opterećenje radnog pamćenja. Medijacijska analiza potvrdila je hipotezu da je (ne)mogućnost održavanja pozitivnog tona zamišljene interakcije mehanizam koji uvjetuje uspješnost zamišljenog kontakta na smanjenje negativnih stavova. Nalazi obiju studija upućuju na to da je kapacitet radnog pamćenja jedan od faktora koji uvjetuje uspješnost intervencije zamišljenim kontaktom. Dobiveni rezultati otvaraju nova pitanja o efikasnosti zamišljenog kontakta u promjenama stava.
According to the Imagined Contact Hypothesis, mental visualization of positive intergroup contact is sufficient to reduce the prejudice toward outgroup members. The role of working memory capacity in the imagined contact effect was investigated in our study. Two studies were conducted. The first, quasi-experimental study showed that participants with lower working memory capacity have more negative descriptions of the imagined intergroup contact and more negative attitudes towards outgroup members when compared to participants with higher working memory capacity. The second, experimental, study extended the results from the first study and showed that experimentally reducing working memory capacity leads to more negative descriptions of the imagined contact and more negative attitudes towards outgroup members. Mediation analysis confirmed the hypothesis that (un)ability to maintain positive tonality of imagined contact is a mechanism which causes success of imagined contact on negative attitude reduction. Results from both studies are consistent with our hypothesis that working memory capacity is one of the factors which influences the efficacy of the imagined intergroup contact intervention. The results obtained in our study open new question about the efficiency of imagined contact in attitude change.
Cilj je ovog istraživanja ispitati doprinos varijabli obiteljskog i varijabli vršnjačkog konteksta u objašnjenju samopoštovanja tijekom rane, srednje i kasne adolescencije. U istraživanju je ...sudjelovalo 344 osnovnoškolaca, 370 srednjoškolaca te 357 studenata. Prosječna dob sudionika u skupini mlađih adolescenata iznosi M = 12.6 (SD = 0.63), u skupini srednjih adolescenata M = 16.5 (SD = 0.57), a u skupini starijih adolescenata M = 20.6 (SD = 1.17). Primijenjeni su sljedeći instrumenti: Upitnik općih podataka, Upitnik roditeljskog prihvaćanja-odbacivanja, Skala obiteljske prilagodljivosti i kohezivnosti, Upitnik kvalitete prijateljstva, Upitnik privrženosti vršnjacima – revidirana verzija i Rosenbergova skala za mjerenje samopoštovanja. Rezultati provedenih hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza upućuju na to da set prediktorskih varijabli objašnjava 38% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod mlađih, 21% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod srednjih i 27% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod starijih adolescenata. Kada su u pitanju obiteljske varijable, u skupini mlađih i srednjih adolescenata značajni su prediktori samopoštovanja varijable roditeljsko prihvaćanje-odbacivanje od strane majke i obiteljska prilagodljivost i kohezivnost, a kod starijih adolescenata varijable roditeljsko prihvaćanje-odbacivanje od strane majke i oca. Od varijabli vršnjačkog konteksta kao značajan prediktor samopoštovanja u sve tri skupine adolescenata izdvojila se kvaliteta privrženosti vršnjacima. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da je pri razmatranju obiteljskih i vršnjačkih odrednica samopoštovanja kod adolescenata nužno uzeti u obzir različite oblike obiteljskih i vršnjačkih interakcija, ali i uvažavati razvojne specifičnosti pojedinih razdoblja adolescencije.
The aim of this paper was to examine the contribution of family, and peers context variables in explaining the variance of self-esteem during early, middle, and late adolescence. The research sample consisted of 344 elementary school students, 370 high school students and 357 college students. The average age of participants was M = 12.6 (SD = 0.63) for young adolescents, M = 16.5 (SD = 0.57) for middle adolescents, and M = 20.6 (SD = 1.17) for older adolescents. The following instruments were applied: General Data Questionnaire, Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Friendship Quality Questionnaire, Inventory of Peer Attachment-Revised and Self-esteem Scale. The results of hierarchical analyses indicate that set of predictor variables account for 38% of total variance of self-esteem in young, 21% of total variance of self-esteem in middle and 27% of total variance of self-esteem in older adolescents. With respect to family context variables, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by parental acceptance-rejection of mothers and family cohesion and adaptability in young and middle adolescents, and by perceived parental acceptance-rejection of both (mothers and fathers) in older adolescents. Considering peer context variables, in all three adolescent groups, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by perceived quality of attachment with peers. The results of this study indicate the necessity of taking into account the different forms of family and peers interactions, as well as the developmental specificities of a particular period of adolescence when considering family and peers determinants of self-esteem in adolescents.
The belief-bias effect is a tendency to evaluate syllogistic statements based on believability rather than on formal logic validity. Following this rationale, the study examines desirability bias as ...the tendency to evaluate syllogistic conclusions based on their desirability when reasoning is conducted on personality-relevant categorical syllogisms.
For this purpose, 60 syllogisms were constructed based on the items of the Big Five questionnaire. Syllogisms were subsequently categorized as desirable (e.g., "I empathize with others") and undesirable (e.g., "I am passive") based on their conclusion. In each task, the second premise and the conclusion were formulated in the first person to increase a respondent's identification with the content. A total of 300 university students (M
= 20.08, SD = 2.02) participated in the study.
A 2 (syllogism validity: valid, invalid) × 2 (syllogism desirability: desirable, undesirable) repeated measures ANOVA was employed. The analysis showed a greater tendency to accept desirable conclusions on valid syllogisms (valid desirable rather than valid undesirable) and reject undesirable conclusions on invalid syllogisms (invalid undesirable rather than invalid desirable).
These findings have implications for socially desirable responding in cognitive tasks, which may be further developed as a source of self-relevant content as well as for further extension of belief bias in the form of desirability bias.
Prema hipotezi zamišljenog kontakta dovoljna je samo vizualizacija socijalnog kontakta pozitivnog tona prema vanjskoj grupi kako bi došlo do promjene u negativnim stavovima. U ovom je istraživanju ...ispitivana uloga kapaciteta radnog pamćenja u zamišljenom kontaktu. Provedene su dvije studije. U prvoj je, kvazieksperimentalnoj studiji, pokazano da osobe koje imaju manji kapacitet radnog pamćenja imaju negativnije opise zamišljenog kontakta i negativnije stavove prema vanjskoj grupi u odnosu na osobe većeg kapaciteta radnog pamćenja. Druga, eksperimentalna studija, proširila je nalaze prve studije te je pokazano da su osobe koje su neposredno pred zamišljanje kontakta s članom vanjske grupe imale dodatno opterećenje radnog pamćenja posljedično imale negativnije opise zamišljenog kontakta i negativnije stavove prema članovima vanjske grupe nego skupina ispitanika koja nije imala dodatno opterećenje radnog pamćenja. Medijacijska analiza potvrdila je hipotezu da je (ne)mogućnost održavanja pozitivnog tona zamišljene interakcije mehanizam koji uvjetuje uspješnost zamišljenog kontakta na smanjenje negativnih stavova. Nalazi obiju studija upućuju na to da je kapacitet radnog pamćenja jedan od faktora koji uvjetuje uspješnost intervencije zamišljenim kontaktom. Dobiveni rezultati otvaraju nova pitanja o efikasnosti zamišljenog kontakta u promjenama stava.
Cilj je ovog istraživanja ispitati doprinos varijabli obiteljskog i varijabli vršnjačkog konteksta u objašnjenju samopoštovanja tijekom rane, srednje i kasne adolescencije. U istraživanju je ...sudjelovalo 344 osnovnoškolaca, 370 srednjoškolaca te 357 studenata. Prosječna dob sudionika u skupini mlađih adolescenata iznosi M = 12.6 (SD = 0.63), u skupini srednjih adolescenata M = 16.5 (SD = 0.57), a u skupini starijih adolescenata M = 20.6 (SD = 1.17). Primijenjeni su sljedeći instrumenti: Upitnik općih podataka, Upitnik roditeljskog prihvaćanja-odbacivanja, Skala obiteljske prilagodljivosti i kohezivnosti, Upitnik kvalitete prijateljstva, Upitnik privrženosti vršnjacima – revidirana verzija i Rosenbergova skala za mjerenje samopoštovanja. Rezultati provedenih hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza upućuju na to da set prediktorskih varijabli objašnjava 38% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod mlađih, 21% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod srednjih i 27% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod starijih adolescenata. Kada su u pitanju obiteljske varijable, u skupini mlađih i srednjih adolescenata značajni su prediktori samopoštovanja varijable roditeljsko prihvaćanje-odbacivanje od strane majke i obiteljska prilagodljivost i kohezivnost, a kod starijih adolescenata varijable roditeljsko prihvaćanje-odbacivanje od strane majke i oca. Od varijabli vršnjačkog konteksta kao značajan prediktor samopoštovanja u sve tri skupine adolescenata izdvojila se kvaliteta privrženosti vršnjacima. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da je pri razmatranju obiteljskih i vršnjačkih odrednica samopoštovanja kod adolescenata nužno uzeti u obzir različite oblike obiteljskih i vršnjačkih interakcija, ali i uvažavati razvojne specifičnosti pojedinih razdoblja adolescencije.
The aim of this paper was to examine the contribution of adolescents’ personal characteristics, family context variables and peer context variables in explaining the variance of self-esteem during ...early, middle and late adolescence.The research sample consisted of 344 students (7th and 8th graders) from six elementary schools, 370 students (2nd and 3rdgraders) from five high schools and 357 college students (2nd and 3rd graders) from five higher education institutions. The average age of participants was M=12.6 (SD= .63) for elementary school students, M=16.5 (SD= .57) for high school students and M=20.6 (SD=1.17) for college students. The following instruments were applied: Socio-demographic Features Questionnaire, Big Five Questionnaire, Big Five Questionnaire for Children, Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Friendship Quality Questionnaire, Inventory of Peer Attachment-Revised and Self-esteem Scale. The results of hierarchical analyses indicate that decribed set of predictor variables account for 48% of total variance of self-esteem in young adolescents, 41% of total variance of self-esteem in middle adolescents and 46% of total variance of self-esteem in older adolescents. Considering personality and peer context variables, in all three adolescent groups, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by emotional stability/emotional instability and energy, and by perceived quality of attachment with peers, respectively. With respect to family context variables, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by perceived family cohesion and adaptability in young adolescents, by perceived parental acceptance-rejection of mothers in middle adolescents and by perceived parental acceptance-rejection of both (mothers and fathers) in older adolescents. The results of this study clearly indicate the necessity of taking into account the different forms of family and peer interactions, as well as the developmental specificities of particular period of adolescence, when considering personal and environmental determinants of self-esteem in adolescents.
Aim of this paper was to examine the contribution of football experience and the self-assessment of tactical/technical skills and social competencies on the perceived self-efficacy in junior and ...senior football players. A total of 164 football players from Bosnia & Herzegovina have taken part in the research, 79 of which were professional senior players and 85 were professional U18 (junior) players. Three measuring instruments were used in the research: A questionnaire on general information, a self-assessment scale of self-efficacy for football players and a scale for estimating tactical/ technical and social competencies in football was used to gather data. Based on the results and the conducted analyses, it is indicative that the model that encompasses the length of football experience and a self-assessment of tactical/technical and social competencies in senior football players contributed around 8.5% to the total explanation of perceived self-efficacy. In senior players, the length of experience has a greater significance in perceived self-efficacy compared to the perceived success in performing football elements. The set model doesn’t have an equal contribution in junior players, where the model entirely contributed with 14.3% of the explanation of perceived self-efficacy, and the perceived success of performing football elements also has a statistically significant contribution. So, the model which encompasses football experience and the perceived success in performing football elements (tactical/technical and social competencies in football) is not equally predictive in junior and senior players.
The aim of this paper was to examine the contribution of adolescents’ personal characteristics, family context variables and peer context variables in explaining the variance of self-esteem during ...early, middle and late adolescence.The research sample consisted of 344 students (7th and 8th graders) from six elementary schools, 370 students (2nd and 3rdgraders) from five high schools and 357 college students (2nd and 3rd graders) from five higher education institutions. The average age of participants was M=12.6 (SD= .63) for elementary school students, M=16.5 (SD= .57) for high school students and M=20.6 (SD=1.17) for college students. The following instruments were applied: Socio-demographic Features Questionnaire, Big Five Questionnaire, Big Five Questionnaire for Children, Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Friendship Quality Questionnaire, Inventory of Peer Attachment-Revised and Self-esteem Scale. The results of hierarchical analyses indicate that decribed set of predictor variables account for 48% of total variance of self-esteem in young adolescents, 41% of total variance of self-esteem in middle adolescents and 46% of total variance of self-esteem in older adolescents. Considering personality and peer context variables, in all three adolescent groups, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by emotional stability/emotional instability and energy, and by perceived quality of attachment with peers, respectively. With respect to family context variables, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by perceived family cohesion and adaptability in young adolescents, by perceived parental acceptance-rejection of mothers in middle adolescents and by perceived parental acceptance-rejection of both (mothers and fathers) in older adolescents. The results of this study clearly indicate the necessity of taking into account the different forms of family and peer interactions, as well as the developmental specificities of particular period of adolescence, when considering personal and environmental determinants of self-esteem in adolescents.
Aim
To examine the relationship of protective factors (self-esteem, optimism, proactive coping), and a measure of psychological resistance in women diagnosed with breast cancer, and the contribution ...of protective factors in explaining the criterion of posttraumatic growth.
Methods
The study included 100 women diagnosed with breast cancer. To examine optimism the Scale of Dispositional Optimism and Pessimism, the Scale of Self-esteem for self-esteem and the Scale of Proactive Coping for proactive coping were used. The posttraumatic growth measured five factors: relating to others, new possibilities, personal strength, spiritual changes, appreciation of life.
Results
Self-esteem, optimism and proactive coping were associated with posttraumatic growth and its factors: new possibilities, personal strength, appreciation of life. Optimism and proactive coping positively corelated also with relating to others. Final model of posttraumatic growth in all three steps (self-esteem, optimism, proactive coping) explained 20.4% variability of the posttraumatic growth total score.
Conclusion
Posttraumatic growth does not mean a decrease in trauma, but leads to a change in the perception and view of life. It refers to more favourable management and use of its own resources, relying on its own strengths and capabilities, identifying new opportunities and connecting with others.
► Sex differences in fluid intelligence of schoolchildren were analyzed. ► Effect sizes of sex were different for different age groups. ► Gender stratification could have led to differences in fluid ...intelligence.
This study has been conducted with the aim of analyzing sex differences in fluid intelligence of schoolchildren of different ages. Three samples of schoolchildren participated in this study. Fluid intelligence was measured by Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices Plus (SPM Plus), Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM), Culture fair intelligence test, Scale II, (CFIT), D-70 and Problem solving test, (PT). Results obtained in our study indicate that at ages of 12.6 and 16 effect sizes of sex difference in performance on tests of fluid intelligence were small. At age of 17.2 boys scored almost one standard deviation higher than girls. Gender stratification could have led to different experience of boys and girls, which, in turn, could have caused investment of cognitive resources in different domains.
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