Abstract
Anthropogenic methane (CH
4
) emissions contribute significantly to the current radiative forcing driving climate change. Localized CH
4
sources such as occurring in the fossil fuel industry ...contribute a substantial share to the anthropogenic emission total. The temporal dynamics of such emissions is largely unresolved and unaccounted for when using atmospheric measurements by satellites, aircraft, and ground-based instruments to monitor emission rates and verify reported numbers. Here, we demonstrate the usage of a ground-based imaging spectrometer for quantifying the CH
4
emission dynamics of a ventilation facility of a coal mine in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. To this end, we deployed the imaging spectrometer at roughly 1 km distance from the facility and collected plume images of CH
4
column enhancements during the sunlit hours of four consecutive days in June 2022. Together with wind information from a co-deployed wind-lidar, we inferred CH
4
emission rates with roughly 1 min resolution. Daily average emission rates ranged between 1.39 ± 0.19 and 4.44 ± 0.76 tCH
4
h
−1
, 10 min averages ranged between (min) 0.82 and (max) 5.83 tCH
4
h
−1
, and puff-like events caused large variability on time scales below 15 min. Thus, to monitor CH
4
emissions from such sources, it requires measurement techniques such as the imaging spectrometer evaluated here that can capture emission dynamics on short time scales.
To evaluate prospectively the safety of contrast medium injection through standard peripheral intravenous cannulas at standard injection sites during clinical routine using iomeprol 400, a contrast ...agent with high viscosity.
Three thousand, five hundred and fourteen clinical CT examinations undertaken at Saarland University Medical Center were included in this prospective observational trial. The size and site of the cannula as well as the contrast medium injection rate and volume were assessed for each patient. In addition, the ability to aspirate blood though the cannula and the occurrence of complications, such as extravasation or abortion of injection by the automated injector, were recorded.
The overall complication rate was 30/3,514 (0.85%). With 22 G cannulas, the complication rate was 8/541 (1.48%) applying flow rates of 1–3.5 ml/s (mean 2.1 ml/s). With 20 G cannulas, complications occurred in 21/2,601 cases (0.81%) with flow rates of 1.5–5 ml/s (mean 3 ml/s). The complication rate using 18 G cannulas was 1/377 (0.26%) for flow rates of 2–6 ml/s (mean 3.5 ml/s). No relationship between the site and size of the cannula to the occurrence of complications was found. The inability to aspirate blood correlated with the development of extravasation.
The injection of contrast agent using standard peripheral venous cannulas is a safe and reliable procedure yielding diagnostic image contrast, even when using highly viscous contrast agents such as iomeprol 400; an aspiration test should be performed before each injection.
•Highly viscous contrast medium has complication rates similar to other CM with lower viscosity and concentrations of iodine.•The use of peripheral venous cannulas for the injection of highly viscous contrast medium is a safe procedure.•To minimize extravasation rates, before injections of contrast medium an aspiration test should to be performed.
To mitigate methane emission from urban natural gas distribution systems, it is crucial to understand local leak rates and occurrence rates. To explore urban methane emissions in cities outside the ...U.S., where significant emissions were found previously, mobile measurements were performed in 12 cities across eight countries. The surveyed cities range from medium size, like Groningen, NL, to large size, like Toronto, CA, and London, UK. Furthermore, this survey spanned across European regions from Barcelona, ES, to Bucharest, RO. The joint analysis of all data allows us to focus on general emission behavior for cities with different infrastructure and environmental conditions. We find that all cities have a spectrum of small, medium, and large methane sources in their domain. The emission rates found follow a heavy-tailed distribution, and the top 10% of emitters account for 60–80% of total emissions, which implies that strategic repair planning could help reduce emissions quickly. Furthermore, we compare our findings with inventory estimates for urban natural gas-related methane emissions from this sector in Europe. While cities with larger reported emissions were found to generally also have larger observed emissions, we find clear discrepancies between observation-based and inventory-based emission estimates for our 12 cities.
Starting from the fact that theories of social work form a specific language, the subject of research is the conceptual-categorical apparatus of social work in the field of juvenile delinquency, as ...an indicator of theoretical foundations in the practice of social work. The basic research question is whether the conceptual-categorical apparatus of the profession of social work reflects traditional theoretical conceptions (positivist and structural-functional) or contemporary (existentialism, interactionist-constructivist, and radical-critical). By means of analysing the contents of 100 official documents collected from five centres for social work in the Republic of Srpska, we identify the key terms, the frequency of using these terms, and the context in which they are used. The results of the research show that the conceptual-categorical apparatus of the profession of social work reflects the positivist-structural-functionalist theoretical conceptions. The traditional approaches in social work, those of correctional-protective social work and the medical model of social work discourage any sort of active participation of social workers. The development of science of social work, the promotion of social work education, and new professional staff should advance the profession in accordance with the basic postulate of modern social work - the production of social changes.
A severe reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to reach the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The implementation and continuous evaluation of mitigation measures requires regular ...independent information on emissions of the two main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Our aim is to employ an observation-based method to determine regional-scale greenhouse gas emission estimates with high accuracy. We use aircraft- and ground-based in situ observations of CH4, CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), and wind speed from two research flights over the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland, in summer 2018. The flights were performed as a part of the Carbon Dioxide and Methane (CoMet) mission above this EuropeanCH4 emission hot-spot region. A kriging algorithm interpolates the observed concentrations between the downwind transects of the trace gas plume, and then the mass flux through this plane is calculated. Finally, statistic and systematic uncertainties are calculated from measurement uncertainties and through several sensitivity tests, respectively.For the two selected flights, the in-situ-derived annual CH4 emission estimates are 13.8±4.3 and 15.1±4.0 kg s-1, which are well within the range of emission inventories. The regional emission estimates of CO2, which were determined to be 1.21±0.75 and1.12±0.38 t s-1, are in the lower range of emission inventories. CO mass balance emissions of 10.1±3.6 and 10.7±4.4 kg s-1 for the USCB are slightly higher than the emission inventory values. TheCH4 emission estimate has a relative error of 26 %–31 %, theCO2 estimate of 37 %–62 %, and the CO estimate of 36 %–41 %. These errors mainly result from the uncertainty of atmospheric background mole fractions and the changing planetary boundary layer height during the morning flight. In the case of CO2, biospheric fluxes also add to the uncertainty and hamper the assessment of emission inventories. These emission estimates characterize the USCB and help to verify emission inventories and develop climate mitigation strategies.
Social work, a scientifical, professional and educational activity „encourages social changes,development, social cohesion, empowerement and liberation of people“ (IFSW, 2014). Pragmatism,expressed ...in this definition, is a request for the science of social work to efficiently remove social problems and social deviations, such as poverty, unemployment, social exclusion, (re)intergration of migrants, alcholism, juvenile delinquency, violence, etc.One of the problems comes from insufficiently developed science of social work, which is characterised by pluralism of theories, methodological inauthenticity and positivism. Other problem is that in practice of social work scientific knowledge is not enough used. This kind of approach marginalizes the proffesion of social work. Minor allocations in social protection sector contribute to this also. Finally,the question arises: „Does the academic education produce qualified cadres?“. Theoretical – methodical qualification of social work’s students for future work is a research subject which is conducted on a specimen of 100 examinees, advanced university students and attendants of master study of the Faculty of political science in Banja Luka. By the scale of Lickert’s type, opinionsof students about qualification for application social work’s theories, theoretical-methodical approach,ethical standards, methods and skills of social work have been examined. The results showed that students consider that they are well qualified for application of social work’s theories and the theories for social work; that they are less qualified for social work in community and with group in comparsion with social work with an individual; that they are very good qualified for application of interviews and surveys in comparsion with methods that contribute to modernization of social work’s proffesion (history of the case and studies of the case, action research); that they have good knowledge about ethical principles of social work; that their knowledge about application of communication skills are bigger incomparsion of practical skills (consulting, mediation, representation, supervision, team work) and skills of social work in community (fundraising, volunteer managment, lobbying). General conclusion is: the application of theories and methods in practice (re)affirm the science of social work, and the proffesion of social work makes efficient in fight for the general well-being.
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