Even though microbial photosensitive proteins have been used for optogenetics, their use should be optimized to precisely control cell and tissue functions in vivo. We exploited
Gt
CCR4 and
Kn
ChR, ...cation channelrhodopsins from algae,
Be
GC1, a guanylyl cyclase rhodopsin from a fungus, and photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PACs) from cyanobacteria (
Oa
PAC) or bacteria (
b
PAC), to control cell functions in zebrafish. Optical activation of
Gt
CCR4 and
Kn
ChR in the hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons, which are involved in locomotion, induced swimming behavior at relatively short latencies, whereas activation of
Be
GC1 or PACs achieved it at long latencies. Activation of
Gt
CCR4 and
Kn
ChR in cardiomyocytes induced cardiac arrest, whereas activation of
b
PAC gradually induced bradycardia.
Kn
ChR activation led to an increase in intracellular Ca
2+
in the heart, suggesting that depolarization caused cardiac arrest. These data suggest that these optogenetic tools can be used to reveal the function and regulation of zebrafish neurons and cardiomyocytes.
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit signals into cells depending on the G protein type. To analyze the functions of GPCR signaling, we assessed the effectiveness of animal G-protein-coupled ...bistable rhodopsins that can be controlled into active and inactive states by light application using zebrafish. We expressed Gq- and Gi/o-coupled bistable rhodopsins in hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons, which are involved in locomotion, or in cardiomyocytes. Light stimulation of the reticulospinal V2a neurons expressing Gq-coupled spider Rh1 resulted in an increase in the intracellular Ca
2+
level and evoked swimming behavior. Light stimulation of cardiomyocytes expressing the Gi/o-coupled mosquito Opn3, pufferfish TMT opsin, or lamprey parapinopsin induced cardiac arrest, and the effect was suppressed by treatment with pertussis toxin or barium, suggesting that Gi/o-dependent regulation of inward-rectifier K
+
channels controls cardiac function. These data indicate that these rhodopsins are useful for optogenetic control of GPCR-mediated signaling in zebrafish neurons and cardiomyocytes.
The first classificationsw of physical properties of rocks and hypotheses of rock pressure in the world practice are analysed. The analysis of internationally widely known theories about rock ...pressure and physical processes around mine workings is executed. Classification of theories about rock pressure on classification feature “condition of investigated massif” is constructed. The energy theory that describing capsulation by the massif of underground mine working is offered.
Information regarding the lactational performance of mares in relation to metabolic parameters can help practitioners to manipulate animal rearing management for sustainable mare milk production. The ...aim of this study was to characterize the lactational performance of Mongolian native mares grazing on natural pastureland by revealing the seasonal effects on metabolic parameters. In this study, 8 multiparous mares were used. Milk yield and composition and serum metabolic parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), triacylglycerol, total cholesterol (TCH), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), albumin, urea, total protein, cortisol (Cort), and insulin, were determined at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 days of lactation. During the lactation period, milk yield peaked at around the 90th day and declined sharply in the following period. While the milk fat and protein contents decreased gradually from the early stages of lactation to the late stages, the lactose content was highest at mid-lactation and stayed constant until the end of the lactation period. Meanwhile, changes were observed between the stages of lactation, and the differences in metabolic parameters were significant (P<0.05), except for AST and GLU. The strongest correlation was found with NEFA (P<0.01), followed by the Cort (P<0.05) concentration, with both parameters showing negative correlation, and strong positive correlation was detected between the milk yield and TCH (P<0.05) concentration.
Cyclophyllidean tapeworms obligatorily parasitize numerous mammalian species, including herbivores, domestic animals and humans, of which, the genera Taenia and Mesocestoides are well characterized. ...However, little is known about these parasitic infections in wild animals. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Taenia sp. and Mesocestoides sp. in wild carnivores in Mongolia by identifying tapeworm species based on mtDNA analysis. The field survey was carried out in 2012–2013 in 19 provinces located in different ecological regions. A total of 405 fecal samples from wild carnivores were collected. Specific DNA markers in fecal samples was detected via copro-DNA analysis and tapeworm species were identified by DNA sequencing. From 27.7% (112/405) of samples, cox1 and 12S rRNA genes of tapeworms were amplified. Further, Taenia hydatigena (50.0%, 56/112) and two Mesocestoides species, including Mesocestoides sp.-1 (36.6%, 41/112) and Mesocestoides sp.-2 (13.4%, 15/112) were identified by DNA sequencing. The prevalence of T. hydatigena was 19.9% (27/136), 13.8% (23/167), 4.8% (3/62), and 7.5% (3/40) in wolves, red foxes, corsac foxes, and snow leopards, respectively. The prevalence of Mesocestoides sp.-1 was 14.7% (20/136), 9% (15/167), 9.7% (6/62) in wolves, red foxes, and corsac foxes, while the prevalence of Mesocestoides sp.-2 was 4.4% (6/136), 1.8% (3/167), 3.2% (2/62), and 10.0% (4/40) in wolves, red foxes, corsac foxes, and snow leopards, respectively. T. hydatigena was found throughout all ecological regions, while Mesocestoides sp.-1 was in the mountain taiga, forest-steppe, steppe, desert-steppe, and desert, and Mesocestoides sp.-2 in the alpine, forest-steppe, steppe, and desert-steppe ecoregions. This study revealed the prevalence and distribution of cyclophyllidean tapeworms in wild carnivores in Mongolia; while also confirming that wolves, red foxes, corsac foxes, and snow leopards serve as definitive hosts for unidentified Mesocestoides species.
•Taenia hydatigena and two Mesocestoides species were first identified by copro-DNA analysis in wild carnivores in Mongolia.•The persistent infections by T. hydatigena and Mesocestoides species in these animals were shown.•T. hydatigena was detected in all ecoregions in Mongolia.•Mesocestoides sp.-1 was found in wild carnivores inhabiting in all ecoregion unless in the alpine, and Mesocestoides sp.-2 in the alpine, forest-steppe, steppe, and desert-steppe ecoregions.•Wolf, red fox, corsac fox, and snow leopard were confirmed as definitive hosts for Mesocestoides species.
The Bogdkhan mountain of Mongolia is strictly protected and possesses a unique ecosystem, because of its location in the transitional zone of Siberian taiga and the Asian steppe. Floristic ...composition and the biological spectrum of the Bogdkhan Mountain were studied during July 2019 to September 2020. A total of 522 vascular plants were recorded belonging to 249 genera and 63 families. Asteraceae was found to be the most dominant family (13.22%; 33 genera and 69 taxa) followed by Poaceae (8.43%; 21 genera and 44). The classified life-form spectra of all the species recorded from the study area revealed the predominance of hemicryptophytes (63.03%) followed by geophytes (11.30%), therophytes (10.34%), phanerophytes (9.58%), chamaephytes (5.36%), and hydrophytes (0.38%). The notable changes found in the biological spectrum, which are chamaephytes from 12 to 5.36%, geophytes from 8 to 11.30% and therophytes from 8 to 10.34%. Variaty of reasons might cause change the life form, such as climate change, anthropogenic impacts, etc. Hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes dominate the flora of the mountain due to the cold mountain niche. The floristic diversity of this mountain tends to decline further videnced from the observed lesser divergence values of geophytes and therophytes.
Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(2): 241-268, 2022 (December)
Cysticercosis caused by the larval form of the Taenia hydatigena tapeworm poses a global challenge to the livestock industry. A total of 56 goats slaughtered in Khishig-Undur, Mongolia were evaluated ...for the presence of cystic lesions. Collected cysts were assessed using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. In total, 46.4% (26/56) of evaluated goats were positive for T. hydatigena infection, with most cysts attached to the omentum, mesentery, liver, or spleen. Partial 12S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from all evaluated cysts and aligned with known sequences for T. hydatigena. Infection prevalence was higher in goats three years of age and older (50.0%; 17/34) compared to goats less than three years of age (40.0%; 9/22) (p=0.035). Infection with T. hydatigena appears to be highly prevalent in goats in Khishig-Undur. Additional studies are needed to evaluate local parasite transmission dynamics and the impact of this parasite on local livestock production.
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