Monocyte infiltration into the subintimal space and its intracellular lipid accumulation are the most prominent features of atherosclerosis. To understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic ...disease, we need to understand the characteristics of lipid-laden foamy macrophages in the subintimal space during atherosclerosis.
We sought to examine the transcriptomic profiles of foamy and nonfoamy macrophages isolated from atherosclerotic intima.
Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of CD45
leukocytes from murine atherosclerotic aorta revealed that there are macrophage subpopulations with distinct differentially expressed genes involved in various functional pathways. To specifically characterize the intimal foamy macrophages of plaque, we developed a lipid staining-based flow cytometric method for analyzing the lipid-laden foam cells of atherosclerotic aortas. We used the fluorescent lipid probe BODIPY493/503 and assessed side-scattered light as an indication of cellular granularity. BODIPY
SSC
foamy macrophages were found residing in intima and expressing CD11c. Foamy macrophage accumulation determined by flow cytometry was positively correlated with the severity of atherosclerosis. Bulk RNA sequencing analysis showed that compared with nonfoamy macrophages, foamy macrophages expressed few inflammatory genes but many lipid-processing genes. Intimal nonfoamy macrophages formed the major population expressing IL (interleukin)-1β and many other inflammatory transcripts in atherosclerotic aorta.
RNA sequencing analysis of intimal macrophages from atherosclerotic aorta revealed that lipid-loaded plaque macrophages are not likely the plaque macrophages that drive lesional inflammation.
Fluorinated carbon materials (FCMs) have received significant attention, because of their exceptional stability, which is associated with the strong C‐F bonding, the strongest among carbon single ...bonds. However, the fluorination of carbon materials requires extremely toxic and moisture‐sensitive reagents, which makes it inapplicable for practical uses. Here, a straightforward and relatively safe method are reported for the scalable synthesis of FCMs, by mechanochemical depolymerization of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fragmentation of graphite. The resultant FCMs are evaluated as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). An optimized FCM delivered capacities as high as 951.6 and 329.3 mAh g −1 at 0.05 and 10 A g −1, respectively. It also demonstrated capacity retention as high as 76.6% even after 1000 cycles at 2.0 A g −1.
Fluorinated carbon materials (FCMs) w ere safely produced by a solid‐state reaction between PTFE and graphite using mechanochemical ball‐milling. The FCMs are tested as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries and demonstrate a high lithium‐ion storage capacity with outstanding stability.
Fertility-sparing treatment (FST) might be considered an option for reproductive patients with low-risk endometrial cancer (EC). On the other hand, the matching rates between preoperative assessment ...and postoperative pathology in low-risk EC patients are not high enough. We aimed to predict the postoperative pathology depending on preoperative myometrial invasion (MI) and grade in low-risk EC patients to help extend the current criteria for FST. This ancillary study (KGOG 2015S) of Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group 2015, a prospective, multicenter study included patients with no MI or MI <1/2 on preoperative MRI and endometrioid adenocarcinoma and grade 1 or 2 on endometrial biopsy. Among the eligible patients, Groups 1-4 were defined with no MI and grade 1, no MI and grade 2, MI <1/2 and grade 1, and MI <1/2 and grade 2, respectively. New prediction models using machine learning were developed. Among 251 eligible patients, Groups 1-4 included 106, 41, 74, and 30 patients, respectively. The new prediction models showed superior prediction values to those from conventional analysis. In the new prediction models, the best NPV, sensitivity, and AUC of preoperative each group to predict postoperative each group were as follows: 87.2%, 71.6%, and 0.732 (Group 1); 97.6%, 78.6%, and 0.656 (Group 2); 71.3%, 78.6% and 0.588 (Group 3); 91.8%, 64.9%, and 0.676% (Group 4). In low-risk EC patients, the prediction of postoperative pathology was ineffective, but the new prediction models provided a better prediction.
The lattice parameters, formation energies and bulk moduli of (Ti,
M)C and M(C,
Va) with the B1 crystal structure have been investigated using first-principles calculations, where M
=
Nb, V, Mo and ...W. The replacement at 0
K of Ti by Mo or W in the TiC lattice is found to be energetically unfavorable with respect to the formation energy. However, it decreases the misfit strain between the carbide and ferrite matrix, a factor which is of critical importance during the early stages of precipitation, thus favoring the substitution of Ti by Mo, as is observed in practice. The effect of Mo in enhancing the coarsening resistance of (Ti,
Mo)C precipitates is discussed in terms of its role in the nucleation process, but followed by a more passive contribution during coarsening itself. The role of tungsten has been predicted to have a similar effect to molybdenum on the nucleation and coarsening process. Analysis of precipitates in Ti-, Ti–Mo- and Ti–W-bearing steels shows results consistent with the calculations.
RIG‐I is a key cytosolic sensor that detects RNA viruses through its C‐terminal region and activates the production of antiviral interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. While ...posttranslational modification has been demonstrated to regulate RIG‐I signaling activity, its significance for the sensing of viral RNAs remains unclear. Here, we first show that the RIG‐I C‐terminal region undergoes deacetylation to regulate its viral RNA‐sensing activity and that the HDAC6‐mediated deacetylation of RIG‐I is critical for viral RNA detection. HDAC6 transiently bound to RIG‐I and removed the lysine 909 acetylation in the presence of viral RNAs, promoting RIG‐I sensing of viral RNAs. Depletion of HDAC6 expression led to impaired antiviral responses against RNA viruses, but not against DNA viruses. Consequently, HDAC6 knockout mice were highly susceptible to RNA virus infections compared to wild‐type mice. These findings underscore the critical role of HDAC6 in the modulation of the RIG‐I‐mediated antiviral sensing pathway.
Synopsis
Deacetylation of the cytoplasmic RIG‐I viral sensor by HDAC6 is required for viral RNA detection. HDAC6 depletion impairs in vivo responses against RNA but not DNA viruses in mice.
HDAC6 interacts with and deacetylates RIG‐I in response to RNA virus infection.
Deacetylation of the K909 residue on RIG‐I regulates its viral RNA‐sensing activity.
HDAC6−/− mice are highly susceptible to RNA virus infection.
Deacetylation of the cytoplasmic RIG‐I viral sensor by HDAC6 is required for viral RNA detection. HDAC6 depletion impairs in vivo responses against RNA but not DNA viruses in mice.
We propose a novel origin of magnetic anisotropy to explain the unusual magnetic behaviors of layered ferromagnetic Cr compounds (3d^{3}) wherein the anisotropy field varies from ≲0.01 to ∼3 T on ...changing the ligand atom in a common hexagonal structure. The effect of the ligand p orbital spin-orbit (LS) coupling on the magnetic anisotropy is explored by using four-site full multiplet cluster model calculations for energies involving the superexchange interaction at different spin axes. Our calculation shows that the anisotropy energy, which is the energy difference for different spin axes, is strongly affected not only by the LS coupling strength but also by the degree of p-d covalency in the layered geometry. This anisotropy energy involving the superexchange appears to dominate the magnetic anisotropy and even explains the giant magnetic anisotropy as large as 3 T observed in CrI_{3}.
Ni-rich cathode materials with high specific capacity of ~200 mAh g−1 are suitable for use in Li-ion batteries; however, the stability and cycling properties of these materials in batteries need to ...be improved. Herein, a solid-state reaction method is used to prepare the Ni-rich ternary cathode (NCM) materials doped with various amounts of F dopant. The F-doping and chemical states of the prepared cathode samples are characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Specifically, the diffusivity of Li+ ions in the cathode samples is measured by various characterization methods. Compared to the undoped NCM sample, the F-doped cathode materials exhibit improved cycle performance owing to the strong bond of the transition metals and F and the improved Li+ ion transport behavior. However, the F-doped NCM cathode with more than an optimal amount of F shows the deteriorated LIB performance owing to the deteriorated Li+ ion transport caused by the Li/Ni antisite defects.
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•The F-doped Ni-rich ternary cathode materials were prepared.•The F-doped Ni-rich cathode exhibited improved electrochemical performance.•The improved performance is attributed to the strong bond of the metals and F.•The improved Li + ion diffusivity can result in enhanced LIB performance.
A color-sensitive and spectrometer-free sensing method using plasmonic nanohole arrays and the color components, L* , a* , and b* , of the CIELAB defined by the international commission on ...illumination (CIE) is introduced for the analysis of optically transparent materials in the visible range. Spectral analysis based on plasmonic nanoparticles or nanostructures can be applied to real-time bio-detection, but complex optical instrumentations and low spatial resolution have limited the sensing ability. Therefore, we take an advantage of color image processing instead of spectral analysis which induces the distinctive color information of plasmonic nanohole arrays with different transparent materials. It guarantees high spatial resolution which is essential to bio-detection such as living cells. To establish our sensing platform, the color components, L* , a* , and b* , were extracted from photo images by an image sensor, statistically processed using a JAVA program, and finally utilized as three individual sensing factors. Additionally, our study on a correlation between the spacing of plasmonic sensors and the color sensitivity to the refractive index reveals geometrically optimal conditions of nanohole arrays. The weighted mean calculation with the three individual sensing factors offers an enhanced distinction of the optical difference for transparent materials. In this work, a color sensitivity of 156.94 RIU−1 and a minimum mean absolute error of 1.298×10−4 RIU were achieved. The difference in the refractive index can be recognized up to 10−4 level with the suggested sensing platform and the signal process. This unique color-sensitive sensing method enables a simple, easy-to-control, and highly accurate analysis without complicated measurement systems including a spectrometer. Therefore, our sensing platform can be applied as a very powerful tool to in-situ label-free bio-detection fields.
•Color-sensitive and spectrometer-free analysis using plasmonic sensors.•Simple and fast sensing based on pixel by pixel image processing.•Highly accurate prediction of the refractive index with the error of 0.0001298 RIU.
A series of Fe-30 wt%Mn-10.5 wt%Al-1.1 wt%C steels with Mo addition from 0 to 5 wt% were prepared to investigate the effect of Mo on the microstructure and tensile deformation behavior of austenitic ...lightweight steel. When the Mo content was below 4 wt%, the microstructure of solution-treated samples consisted of austenite and κ–carbide, while Mo-enriched M6C and M23C6 carbides were additionally precipitated in samples containing Mo more than 4 wt% during a solution treatment at 1050 °C. These carbides inhibited austenite grain growth during the solution treatment, resulting in significant grain refinement in the samples containing more that 4 wt% of Mo. Tensile test results showed that the yield strength gradually decreased with an increase in the Mo content up to 3 wt% due to the suppression of κ–carbide precipitation, whereas it significantly increased when the Mo content exceeded 4 wt% due to grain refinement and precipitation strengthening caused by Mo-enriched carbides. During the tensile deformation, the strain hardening rates of all alloys increased and then the deformation mode subsequently changed with an increase in the Mo content from shearband-induced plasticity (SIP) to microband-induced plasticity (MBIP). Finally, the change in the κ-carbide precipitation behavior upon the addition of Mo and its effect on the deformation behavior were carefully analyzed and discussed through nanoindentation experiments, first-principles calculations and atom probe tomography analyses.
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Abstract During the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak, we experienced atypical presentations of MERS-CoV infections in three immunocompromised hosts that warranted exceptional management. Case 1 showed ...delayed symptom development after a four-day asymptomatic period, Case 2 experienced a 20-day incubation period, and Case 3 exhibited persistent viral shedding without clinical deterioration. Recognizing these exceptions is extremely important in the management of MERS-CoV-exposed or -infected patients and for control of potential MERS outbreaks.
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