The control of storage as any other manufacturing steps of dairy powders is essential to preserve protein functional properties. This study aimed to determine the effects of different storage ...conditions on both protein denaturation and protein lactosylation in whey protein isolate (WPI) powder, and also on heat-induced aggregation. Two different storage temperature conditions (20 and 40 °C) were studied over 15 months. Our results showed that protein lactosylation progressively increased in WPI powders over 15 months at 20 °C, but heat-induced aggregation properties did not significantly differ from non-aged WPI. On the other hand, powders presented a high level of denaturation and aggregation at 40 °C from the first 2 weeks of storage, involving first protein lactosylation and then aggregation in the dry state. This was correlated with an increasing Browning Index from 15 days of storage. These changes occurred with a decrease in aggregate size after heat treatment at 5.8 ≤ pH ≤ 6.6 and modification of heat-induced aggregate shapes.
Spray-dried egg white is commonly used as a food ingredient for its foaming and gelling properties. However, these properties are obtained thanks to dry-heating of egg white powder, which is ...necessary to offset the harmful effects of spray-drying process on egg white functionality. The purpose of the present work is to identify the processing steps responsible for the damages to egg white functional properties, and to understand the mechanisms that occur in order to limit these effects and to reduce dry-heating time. Two trials were performed and the measurements of egg white protein conformation and gel firmness were significantly different from one trial to another, thus emphasizing great variations in raw material characteristics. In spite of this trial effect, processing steps significantly modified egg white foaming properties. The most critical step was the spray-drying one that strongly damaged foaming properties. During this step, heat transfers and air–product interface area rather than shear rates were responsible for these changes. Then, it was the pumping and filtering steps that had also a considerable effect, due to the generation of shear rates and stainless steel–product interfaces, responsible for foaming property damages. On the other hand, concentration and desugarization steps had an interesting improving effect on egg white foaming properties.
Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial bacterium with documented effects on the gut microbiota and on inflammation. Its presence within the animal and human intestinal microbiota was ...correlated with immunomodulatory effects, mediated by both propionibacterial surface components and by secreted metabolites. It is widely implemented, both in the manufacture of fermented dairy products such as Swiss-type cheeses, and in the production of probiotic food complements, under the form of freeze-dried powders. The bottleneck of this drying process consists in the limited survival of bacteria during drying and storage. Protective pre-treatments have been applied to other bacteria and may, in a strain-dependent manner, confer enhanced resistance. However, very little information was yet published on P. freudenreichii adaptation to freeze-drying. In this report, an immunomodulatory strain of this probiotic bacterium was cultured under hyperosmotic constraint in order to trigger osmoadaptation. This adaptation was then combined with acid or thermal pre-treatment. Such combination led to accumulation of key stress proteins, of intracellular compatible solute glycine betaine, to modulation of the propionibacterial membrane composition, and to enhanced survival upon freeze-drying. This work opens new perspectives for efficient production of live and active probiotic propionibacteria.
The optimisation of dairy unit operations involving heat transfer requires the control of fouling and aggregation phenomena following the denaturation of thermosensitive proteins, in particular ...β-lactoglobulin (β-lg). This study intends to give a better view of the influence of whey components (whey proteins, lactose, and minerals such as calcium) on β-lg denaturation through a combined kinetic and thermodynamic approach. β-lg denaturation in model solutions of increasing complexity (pure β-lg solution, whey protein solution, and two model wheys differing in mineral content) was characterised at temperatures ranging from 64.5 to 98 °C by following the evolution of soluble β-lg concentration with HPLC. It was demonstrated that whatever the model solution composition, a two-step mechanism (unfolding followed by aggregation) of 1.5-order kinetics could be adopted to describe β-lg denaturation reaction, as the temperature dependence of the denaturation reaction rate was properly fitted by Arrhenius equation. The dependency of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters on solution composition indicated that the presence of whey proteins enhanced β-lg aggregation, whereas lactose showed a small protective effect against β-lg unfolding. Additionally, minerals, especially calcium, tended to stabilise β-lg native state while increasing β-lg aggregation rates. However, at high mineral content, calcium influence could be hindered or even reversed, presumably owing to a lower bioavailability due to complexation with anions such as inorganic phosphates.
is a beneficial bacterium, used as a cheese starter, which presents versatile probiotic properties. These properties are strain-dependent. We hypothesized they may also be delivery vehicle-dependent. ...In this study, we thus explored in healthy piglets how the cheese matrix affects the immunomodulatory properties of
. During 2 weeks, three groups of weaned piglets consumed, respectively,
as a liquid culture (PF-culture),
under the form of a cheese (PF-cheese), or a control sterile cheese matrix (Cheese-matrix). The
metabolic activity of
was assessed by determining short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration and bifidobacteria population in feces. Whatever the delivery vehicle,
was metabolically active in piglets' colon and enhanced both bifidobacteria and SCFA in feces.
consumption decreased the secretion of TNFα and of IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). It did not alter IL-10, IFNγ, IL-17, and TNFα secretion in mesenteric lymph node immune cells (MLNC). PF-cheese enhanced significantly Treg phenotype, while PF-culture decreased significantly Th17 phenotype in PBMC and MLNC. Remarkably, only PF-cheese induced an increase of Th2 phenotype in PBMC and MLNC.
stimulation of PBMC and MLNC by Lipopolysaccharides and Concanavalin A emphasized the difference in the immunomodulatory responses between PF-culture and PF-cheese group, as well as between PBMC and MLNC. This study shows the importance to consider the delivery vehicle for probiotic administration. It confirms the anti-inflammatory potential of
. It opens new perspectives for the use propionibacteria-fermented products as preventive agents for inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal infectious diseases.
Dairy powders are mainly produced by droplet spray drying, an articulated process that enables the manufacture of high added-value goods with a long shelf life and well-preserved functional ...properties. Despite the recent advances, a full understanding of the mechanisms occurring at the droplet scale in drying towers and, consequently, of the impact of process parameters and processed fluid characteristics on the powder properties is far from being achieved. In the wake of previous studies based on a laboratory scale approach, in this work, we provided a global picture of the drying in droplets of dairy protein mixes, i.e., whey proteins and casein micelles, which represent crucial dairy powder ingredients. Using profile visualization and optical microscopy, we explored the shape evolution in droplets with a range of protein contents and compositions typical of commercial powder production. The observation favored the evaluation of the specific role of each protein on the evaporation dynamics, and led to the construction of a phase diagram predictive of the dry droplet shape starting from the characteristics of the initial protein dispersions. Our outcomes represent a further step shedding light on the paradigm linking the physics of drying at the microscale and the nutritional properties of complex dairy powders.
The purpose of this study was to improve understanding of the structural and functional property changes that milk-protein concentrates undergo during production, particularly how the manufacturing ...route (heat treatment position and intensity), standardization (in osmosed water or ultrafiltrate permeate) and formulation (casein:whey protein (Cas:WP) ratio) influence the physico-chemical characteristics—hygroscopicity, particle size, sphericity, density and evolution of browning during storage. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the parameters responsible for the distinctive characteristics of different powders, a multifactorial approach was adopted. Hygroscopicity depended mainly on the standardizing solution and to a lesser extent the Cas:WP ratio. The particle size of the heat-treated casein-dominant powders was up to 5 μm higher than for those that had had no heat treatment regardless of the standardizing solution, which also had no influence on the sphericity of the powder particles. The density of the powders increased up to 800 kg·m−3 with a reduced proportion of casein, and lactose and whey proteins participated in browning reactions during storage at 13 °C. In increasing order, the modality of heat treatment, the standardizing solution and the Cas:WP protein ratio influenced the key characteristics. This work is relevant for industrial applications to increase control over the functionalities of powdered products.
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•We developed a new functionalized probiotic sweet whey.•Consumption both of sweet whey and of new functionalized probiotic sweet whey enhanced faecal SCFAs.•Functionalized probiotic ...sweet whey modulated both intestinal and systemic immune responses.•Functionalized probiotic sweet whey consumption induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype in PBMCs.
A new probiotic functionalized sweet whey was evaluated. Weaned healthy piglets consumed sweet whey (SW), unmodified or fermented by P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129 (PF-SW). Fecal short chain fatty acids amounts remained unchanged. Bifidobacteria were enhanced in the PF-SW group, and so was the expression of T-bet, which orchestrates Th1 differentiation of T lymphocytes, in mesenteric lymph nodes immune cells (MLNC). This was consistent with ex vivo increased TNF-α secretion by MLNC in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The consumption of the functionalized whey induced a different response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to ex vivo stimulations, as the inhibition of TNF-α secretion in response to concanavalin A stimulation. Thus, by cultivating a probiotic GRAS bacterium in concentrated whey, prior to spray drying, it is possible to transform this by-product into a functional ingredient. This opens new avenues for the development of functional ingredients through enhanced valorisation of whey.
Rehydration is an essential quality attribute of dairy powders. Before industrial use, most powders are generally dissolved in mechanically stirred tanks in order to obtain a homogeneous solution as ...quickly as possible. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of stirring conditions on the rehydration properties of a micellar casein powder. The powder particle size distribution was initially monitored during rehydration process under various conditions: hydrodynamic (400–1000 rpm), temperature (26–30 °C) and solid concentration (4.8–12% w/w) conditions. Then, the time required to achieve a predetermined rehydration value was determined. Finally, rehydration times were correlated to hydrodynamic conditions using a process relationship obtained from experimental data and dimensional analysis. The results showed that increasing temperature and/or agitation resulted in decreasing the rehydration time and analysis of the data enabled their respective influences to be compared. For example, increasing the temperature by only 4 °C has the same influence on rehydration time as doubling the stirring speed. Therefore, it could be concluded that temperature has a major effect on rehydration behaviour. The process relationship suggested that for the mixing system investigated, under isothermal conditions and for the range of flow conditions and suspensions studied, the number of revolutions required to achieve a desired degree of rehydration is independent of the impeller rotational speed. However, increasing the solid concentration from 4.8% to 12% significantly increased the number of revolutions required. These results are consistent with the hydrodynamic theory that higher stirring speeds are required at higher solid concentrations in freshly suspended powders.
Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial bacterium, used both as a probiotic and as a cheese starter. Large-scale production of P. freudenreichii is required to meet growing consumers’ ...demand. Production, drying and storage must be optimized, in order to guarantee high P. freudenreichii viability within powders. Compared to freeze-drying, spray drying constitutes the most productive and efficient, yet the most stressful process, imposing severe oxidative and thermal constraints. The aim of our study was to provide the tools in order to optimize the industrial production of dry P. freudenreichii. Bacterial adaptation is a well-known protective mechanism and may be used to improve bacterial tolerance towards technological stresses. However, the choice of bacterial adaptation type must consider industrial constraints. In this study, we combined (i) modulation of the growth medium composition, (ii) heat-adaptation, and (iii) osmoadaptation, in order to increase P. freudenreichii tolerance towards technological stresses, including thermal and oxidative constraints, using an experimental design. We further investigated optimal growth and adaptation conditions, by monitoring intracellular compatible solutes accumulation. Glucose addition, coupled to heat-adaptation, triggered accumulation of trehalose and of glycine betaine, which further provided high tolerance towards spray drying and storage. This work opens new perspectives for high quality and fast production of live propionibacteria at the industrial scale.
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