Summary
Pre‐harvest sprouting (PHS), the germination of grain before harvest, is a serious problem resulting in wheat yield and quality losses.
Here, we mapped the PHS resistance gene PHS‐3D from ...synthetic hexaploid wheat to a 2.4 Mb presence–absence variation (PAV) region and found that its resistance effect was attributed to the pleiotropic Myb10‐D by integrated omics and functional analyses.
Three haplotypes were detected in this PAV region among 262 worldwide wheat lines and 16 Aegilops tauschii, and the germination percentages of wheat lines containing Myb10‐D was approximately 40% lower than that of the other lines. Transcriptome and metabolome profiling indicated that Myb10‐D affected the transcription of genes in both the flavonoid and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis pathways, which resulted in increases in flavonoids and ABA in transgenic wheat lines. Myb10‐D activates 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) by biding the secondary wall MYB‐responsive element (SMRE) to promote ABA biosynthesis in early wheat seed development stages.
We revealed that the newly discovered function of Myb10‐D confers PHS resistance by enhancing ABA biosynthesis to delay germination in wheat. The PAV harboring Myb10‐D associated with grain color and PHS will be useful for understanding and selecting white grained PHS resistant wheat cultivars.
The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score is a nutritional indicator that serves as a prognostic factor for many malignancies. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of ...pre-treatment CONUT scores in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.
We evaluated newly diagnosed patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who were treated at the Nantong Tumor Hospital, between January 2013 and April 2016. Pre-treatment CONUT scores were calculated using serum albumin levels, total lymphocyte counts, and cholesterol levels. The optimal CONUT score cut-off was determined via receiver operating characteristic curve and Youden's index. The difference in survival rates between the high-CONUT score group and the low-CONUT score group was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to identify prognostic factors influencing survival in these patients.
In total, 206 patients were included. The optimal cut-off value for the CONUT score was 3. The high-CONUT score group (score ≥3) had higher International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages, medium-large amounts of ascitic fluid, higher CA125 levels, and more chemoresistance than those with a low-CONUT score (score <3). The low-CONUT score group had longer median overall survival (64.8 vs 32.3 months, respectively; p<0.001) and longer median progression-free survival (32.3 vs 18.8 months, respectively; p=0.002) than those in the high-CONUT score group. Multivariate analysis showed that the CONUT score was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival.
The CONUT score predicts the prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer and is thus helpful for individualizing treatment and improving survival in these patients.
The Tyro3, Axl and Mertk (TAM) subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine kinases functions in cell growth, differentiation, survival, and most recently found, in the regulation of immune responses and ...phagocytosis. All three receptors and their ligands, Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) and protein S, are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). TAM receptors play pivotal roles in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Loss of these receptors causes a comprised neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult hippocampus. TAM receptors have a negative regulatory effect on microglia and peripheral antigen-presenting cells, and play a critical role in preventing overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines detrimental to the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of adult neuronal stem cells (NSCs). Besides, these receptors also play an intrinsic trophic function in supporting NSC survival, proliferation, and differentiation into immature neurons. All these events collectively ensure a sustained neurogenesis in adult hippocampus.
One hundred and fifty-nine sequences encoding dimeric α-amylase inhibitors were characterized from
Triticum and
Aegilops. These sequences had 375 nucleotides in length, among which there were 255 ...conserved sites, 50 singleton variable sites (the nucleotide polymorphism only observed in a single accession) and 70 polymorphic sites (the polymorphisms found in two or more accessions). The frequency of SNPs in the B (a.k.a. S) genomes coding α-amylase inhibitor genes was 1.7 out of 10 bases. A total of 59 haplotypes were defined, among which 4 main haplotypes occurring in more than 10 genes and 36 haplotypes with single gene were found, indicating that the dimeric α-amylase inhibitors might derive from a very limited number of ancestral genes. The phylogenetic median-joining network of the 59 haplotypes was highly star like with 5 haplotype groups, and at least 2 sub clusters emerged. Evolutionary distances of the 159 genes were calculated, and subjected to the construction of neighbour-joining trees that showed that the α-amylase inhibitor genes were divided into 5 groups, and each group had at least 2 subgroups. The neighbour-joining tree of the species indicated that the genes from common wheat and
Triticum dicoccoides were closely related to those from
Aegilops speltoides, and it was further supported by the median-joining networks analysis of the 59 haplotypes. These results revealed the important information on genome shaping events and processes occurring at dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes loci and contributed to our understanding of functional aspects of the dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes, as well as phylogenetic relationships between species.
To obtain better insight into the modulation of lymphatic endothelial cells during the autoimmune process, alterations of the structures and histochemical features in the pancreatic lymphatics were ...studied in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.
The expression of secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21) and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) on pancreatic lymphatics was examined by histochemistry and immunoblot in NOD mice.
As insulitis developed, the increased expression of CCL21 and podoplanin on pancreatic lymphatics was consistent with the increased number of cytoplasmic protrusions and vesicles, whereas 5'-Nase activity of lymphatics seemed to become decreased. The expression of CCL21 protein also showed an age-dependent increase in NOD pancreas, even though it was undetectable in normal controls. During the period of severe infiltration, reaction products of CCL21 and podoplanin were detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of lymphatic endothelial cells. Dendritic cells and T lymphocytes frequently penetrated through the slender walls of lymphatics and adhered to the lymphatic luminal surfaces, precipitating with few 5'-Nase particles. In contrast to wild-type NOD mice, complete Freund adjuvant administration reduced CCL21 expression in NOD pancreas, suppressing the entry of activated dendritic cells into lymphatics.
These findings suggest that CCL21 and 5'-Nase may be involved in the interaction between infiltrating cells and lymphatic vessels to induce the functional changes of lymphatic endothelial cells during insulitic and diabetic development.
Characterization of a novel variant HMW-glutenin gene from Elymus canadensis Jiang, Qian-Tao, Sichuan Agricultural Univesity, Ya'an, Sichuan, China; Wei, Yu-Ming, Sichuan Agricultural Univesity, Ya'an, Sichuan, China; Lu, Zhen-Xiang, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada ...
Genes & genomics,
08/2010, Letnik:
32, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
High molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits (GS) play a key role in the determination of end-use quality of wheat and other cereal crops. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization ...of both promoter region and ORF of novel HMW-GS allele 1St1.3 from a perennial Triticeae species, Elymus canadensis. The amino acid (AA) sequences of E. canadensis 1St 1.3 were deduced as 434 aa. Its protein primary structure comprises a signal peptide with a conserved N-terminal domain, a central repetitive domain and a C-terminal domain. E. canadensis 1St 1.3 possesses several distinct characteristics which are different from those of wheat HMW-GSs. The N-terminal domains of E. canadensis 1St 1.3 resemble that of y-type subunits, while their C-terminal domains are more similar to x-type subunits. The deletion of 85 bp fragment has been observed in promoter region of 1St 1.3, however which has not interrupted the expression of this gene. Our results indicate that 1St 1.3 is novel HMW-GS variants which will be valuable for enhancing our understanding of structural differentiation and the evolutionary relationship among HMW-GSs in Triticeae species.
Background
Using conventional endoscope to perform endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is difficult because of the one-handed operation and blind dissection caused by gravity. Poor visualization ...of the submucosal plane causes ESD to be associated with a high risk of bleeding and perforation. This study aimed to develop a novel ESD-assistive robot system and to evaluate its efficacy.
Methods
A novel flexible auxiliary single-arm transluminal endoscopic robot (FASTER) was developed. A total of 36 artificial lesions in ex vivo porcine stomachs were removed using the FASTER-assisted ESD method (
n
= 18) and the conventional ESD method (
n
= 18). Lesions were 2 cm or 4 cm in diameter, located on the anterior and posterior walls of the antrum. Primary outcome measurements were dissection time and dissection speed.
Results
The dissection time in FASTER-assisted ESD was significantly shorter than that in conventional ESD (7 min vs 13 min,
p
= 0.012), mainly because of the faster dissection speed (148.6 vs 97.0 mm
2
/min,
p
= 0.002). The total procedure time in FASTER-assisted ESD was shorter than that in conventional ESD, but the difference was not significant (16 min vs 24 min,
p
= 0.252). Complete en bloc resection was achieved in all lesions. No perforations were detected. The FASTER exhibited the ability of regrasp, multidirectional traction, and proper tension control during ESD.
Conclusion
FASTER significantly increased the dissection speed by providing proper traction and achieving good submucosal vision. This new device is expected to facilitate ESD in clinical practice.
Seventeen new genes encoding 24 kDa family dimeric α-amylase inhibitors had been characterized from cultivated wheat and its diploid putative progenitors. And the different α-amylase inhibitors in ...this family, which were determined by coding regions single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of their genes, were investigated. The amino acid sequences of 24 kDa α-amylase inhibitors shared very high coherence (91.2%). It indicated that the dimeric α-amylase inhibitors in the 24 kDa family were derived from common ancestral genes by phylogenetic analysis. Eight α-amylase inhibitor genes were characterized from one hexaploid wheat variety, and clustered into four subgroups, indicating that the 24 kDa dimeric α-amylase inhibitors in cultivated wheat were encoded by multi-gene. Forty-five cSNPs, including 35 transitions and 10 transversions, were found, and resulted in a total of ten amino acid changes. The cSNPs at the first site of a codon cause much more nonsynonymous (92.9%) than synonymous mutations, while nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations were almost equal when the cSNPs were at the third site. It was observed that there was Ile105 instead of Val105 at the active region Val104-Val105-Asp106-Ala107 of the α-amylase inhibitor by cSNPs in some inhibitors from
Aegilops speltoides, diploid and hexaploid wheats.
DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000016
The cover picture shows the process of two DNA molecules electrophoretically co‐transporting through a solid‐state nanopore, i.e., the second DNA molecule places its end ...into the pore before the first DNA molecule goes out of the pore. Considerable cotranslocation events have been detected in the case of relatively large‐sized nanopores and high applied voltage. Furthermore, the percentage of cotranslocation events increases with DNA concentration, which leads to the relationship between capture rate and DNA concentration deviating from linearity. In order to accurately measure DNA concentration by nanopores, the capture rate should be corrected by double‐counting these kinds of cotranslocation events.
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