Metabolic abnormalities is a hallmark of cancer. About 100 years ago, Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg first described high rate of glycolysis in cancer cells. Recently more and more novel ...opinions about cancer metabolism supplement to this hypothesis, consist of glucose uptake, lactic acid generation and secretion, acidification of the microenvironment and cancer immune evasion. Here we briefly review metabolic pathways generating lactate, and discuss the function of higher lactic acid in cancer microenvironments.
The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) has strengthened the information flow and connection between carbon market and energy markets, which makes the carbon-energy system more ...complicated. This paper investigates information linkages and dynamic spillover effects between the carbon and energy markets. We adopt a systemic time-series approach to study connectedness in both returns and volatility in the carbon-energy system. Moreover, a rolling-windows method is used to show the dynamic features. Empirical results show that Brent oil prices play an important role in affecting carbon price changes and risks. Feedback exists from the carbon market to other energy markets, and electricity prices are shown to be the biggest information receiver in the system. It is also shown that the level of connectedness in the volatility system is substantially higher than that in the returns system. Our results can provide useful implications for policymakers to design market mechanisms and market investors to manage their portfolios.
•Information linkages and spillover between carbon and energy markets are studied.•Both return and volatility connectedness in the carbon-energy system are estimated.•Crude oil, clean energy, and coal play a pivotal role in both returns and volatility systems.•The electricity market is the main net information receiver affected by carbon market.•Spillover effects are much stronger in the volatility system than in the returns system.
Stretchable electronics, which can retain their functions under stretching, have attracted great interest in recent decades. Elastic substrates, which bear the applied strain and regulate the strain ...distribution in circuits, are indispensable components in stretchable electronics. Moreover, the self‐healing property of the substrate is a premise to endow stretchable electronics with the same characteristics, so the device may recover from failure resulting from large and frequent deformations. Therefore, the properties of the elastic substrate are crucial to the overall performance of stretchable devices. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is widely used as the substrate material for stretchable electronics, not only because of its advantages, which include stable chemical properties, good thermal stability, transparency, and biological compatibility, but also because of its capability of attaining designer functionalities via surface modification and bulk property tailoring. Herein, the strategies for fabricating stretchable electronics on PDMS substrates are summarized, and the influence of the physical and chemical properties of PDMS, including surface chemical status, physical modulus, geometric structures, and self‐healing properties, on the performance of stretchable electronics is discussed. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of stretchable electronics based on PDMS substrates are considered.
Elastic substrates, especially poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates, are indispensable components for emerging stretchable electronics. Detailed design concepts and fabrication strategies for structured, patterned, and self‐healing PDMS substrates, and their contributions in enhancing the mechanical performance of stretchable electronics are discussed. Future perspectives and challenges in the development of stretchable and self‐healing PDMS substrates are highlighted.
•Investment sentiment of renewable energy is constructed using Google search index.•Static and dynamic spillover of three is analysed in terms of return and volatility.•Spillover effect of volatility ...system was stronger than that of return system.•Impact of fossil energy market on renewable stock market was greater than sentiment.•Sentiment can explain return and volatility of renewable stock to a certain degree.
This study investigates the dynamic directional information spillover of return and volatility between the fossil energy market, investor sentiment towards renewable energy and the renewable energy stock market using the connectedness network approach. Empirical results show that the spillover effects of the volatility system are generally stronger than that of the return system, which suggest that risk transmission among the markets is more obvious. In both systems, the impact of the fossil energy market, especially crude oil, on the renewable energy stock market is greater than the impact of investor sentiment on the renewable energy stock market. This finding shows that the renewable energy stock market is closely related to the fossil energy market. Furthermore, the rolling window approach is adopted to examine the time-varying information spillover among them. The dynamic findings suggest that investor sentiment towards renewable energy can explain the return and volatility of renewable energy stock to a certain degree.
This paper investigates the oil–gas relationship from a multi-scale perspective by combining the connectedness network framework and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method. The ...empirical results show that the direction and magnitude of the information flow between oil and gas returns behave differently across time scales. In general, WTI and its refinery products tend to act as net information transmitters, while the United States and United Kingdom natural gas markets act as net receivers. The total spillover connectedness for the oil and gas markets, as measured by a rolling-window approach, has dynamic, volatile characteristics. The robustness of the results is shown by substituting Brent for WTI.
•Oil–gas relationship from the multi-scale perspective is examined.•We combined connectedness network framework with the EEMD method.•We find WTI and its refinery products tend to serve as net information transmitters.•The US and UK natural gas markets serve as net receivers.•The robustness of the results is shown by substituting Brent for WTI.
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•P-Co3O4/NF cathode was prepared for the electrochemical reduction of nitrate.•The production and adsorption of atomic H* were enhanced on Co3O4 surface after P doping.•The indirect ...reduction of nitrate mediated by atomic H* was boosted.•The N2 selectivity and TN removal efficiency were increased with elevating Cl− concentration.
Developing green, sustainable and economical materials for emerging electrochemical remediation of nitrate (NO3−) contaminant have attracted immense research interest. In this study, a cost-effective and stable three-dimensional P-doped Co3O4/nickel foam (NF) was prepared for electrocatalytic reduction of NO3− in water. The doping of P could replace the lattice oxygen in Co3O4 and lead to the enhancements in Co3+ percentage and empty d orbitals. As a result, the relative energy for Volmer reaction and the adsorption energy of atomic H* decreased to be −0.73 eV and −3.60 eV, respectively. Furthermore, the higher electrochemical active area and lower interface impedance of Co3O4 were attained after P doping. The P2.1-Co3O4/NF cathode outperformed Co3O4/NF in the NO3− reduction rate (8.45 times faster) and contribution of atomic H* (2.37 folds increase in the ratio). And almost 100% N2 selectivity can be obtained in the presence of 2500 mg L−1 chloride ions. Generally, this study provided a new paradigm for designing more practical non-metallic catalyst for NO3− reduction.
In this study, a new adsorbent, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and graphene oxide (GO), was prepared, characterized and used for the removal of Sr2+ from aqueous solution. In PVA/GO composite, the ...inter-lamellar spacing of adjacent GO layers was dramatically enlarged due to the intercalation of PVA molecules, such a unique architecture significantly mitigated the aggregation of GO layers, which facilitated the accessible exposure of active sites and the mass transfer of strontium ions (Sr2+), thus enhancing the adsorption capacity toward Sr2+. The adsorption of Sr2+ by PVA/GO composite conformed to the pseudo second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9994), the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9042), and the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9598). The complexation interaction between Sr2+ and oxygen atoms/π-electron domain of PVA/GO composite was primarily responsible for the adsorption mechanism, based on the characterization results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).
•PVA/GO aerogel was prepared, characterized and used for Sr(II) sorption.•Hydrogen bond was primary driving force in the fabrication of PVA/GO aerogel.•PVA/GO aerogel exhibited good adsorption performance for Sr(II).•PVA/GO aerogel with a monolith morphology can be readily separated from solution.•The interaction between Sr(II) and –COOH/π-electron was responsible of Sr sorption.
A low noise laser system for atom interferometry is realized with phase-locked fiber lasers, where the performance of the OPLL is greatly enhanced by the FEOM feedback loop and the narrow linewidths. ...The laser system demonstrated contribute 2.2 mrad per shot to the interferometer noise and permit continuous long-term operation for more than 115 h without relocking in the field test. Also, the mobile gravimeter equipped with this phase-locked laser system reaches a sensitivity as good as 29
μ
Gal
/
Hz
and a resolution of 1.1
μ
Gal
within 1500 s, demonstrating performances comparable to the state of the art.
In this study, magnetic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) was prepared by a one-step method, where its evolution involved the coprecipitation reactions concomitant with the self-assembly ...reactions. Structural characterizations indicated that magnetic ZIF-8 showed irregular polyhedral morphology with a large specific surface area (696.5 m2/g) and saturation magnetization (4.31 emu/g). The as-prepared magnetic ZIF-8 enhanced the adsorption performance of As(III) and As(V), compared with bare Fe3O4. The pseudo second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9627 and 0.9893 for As(III) and As(V), respectively) and the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9441 for As(III) and 0.9851 for As(V)) can fit the adsorption process well, confirming the nature of single-layer homogeneous chemisorption. The adsorption capacity was 30.87 and 17.51 mg/g, and their corresponding values of PC were 2.664 and 1.286 L/g, for As(III) and As(V), respectively. Solution pH showed an adverse effect on As(V) adsorption whereas no obvious effect on As(III). The ionic strength and coexisting ions had not obvious influence on adsorption of As(III) and As(V). The adsorption mechanism was explored and discussed based on the detailed spectroscopy analysis. This adsorbent can be recovered magnetically after use, which is promising for the practical application.
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•Magnetic ZIF-8 composite was successfully fabricated by a one-step strategy.•The composite can efficiently adsorb As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution.•The composite can be magnetically separated from aqueous solution.•Surface OH (of Fe and Zn sites) and N (of imidazolate ring) served as active sites.
Inspired by natural autonomous systems that demonstrate controllable shape, appearance, and actuation under external stimuli, a facile preparation of moisture responsive graphene‐based smart ...actuators by unilateral UV irradiation of graphene oxide (GO) papers is reported. UV irradiation of GO is found to be an effective protocol to trigger the reduction of GO; however, due to the limited light transmittance and thermal relaxation, thick GO paper cannot be fully reduced. Consequently, by tuning the photoreduction gradient, anisotropic GO/reduced GO (RGO) bilayer structure can be easily prepared toward actuation application. To get better control over the responsive properties, GO/RGO bilayer paper with a certain curvature and RGO patterns are successfully prepared for actuator design. As representative examples, smart humidity‐driven graphene actuators that mimic the cilia of respiratory tract and tendril climber plant are successfully developed for controllable objects transport.
A facile preparation of graphene actuators by unilateral UV irradiation of graphene oxide (GO) papers is reported. Anisotropic GO/reduced GO bilayer paper can be directly prepared by controlling the photoreduction gradient. As typical examples, smart humidity‐driven graphene actuators that mimic the cilia of respiratory tract and the tendril climber plant are developed for object transport.
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