Tumor-associated inflammation can induce various molecules expressed from the tumors themselves or surrounding cells to create a microenvironment that potentially promotes cancer development. ...Inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation, is often linked to cancer development, even though its evolutionary role should impair nonself objects including tumors. The inflammation amplifier, a hyperinducer of chemokines in nonimmune cells, is the principal machinery for inflammation and is activated by the simultaneous stimulation of NF-κB and STAT3. We have redefined inflammation as local activation of the inflammation amplifier, which causes an accumulation of various immune cells followed by dysregulation of local homeostasis. Genes related to the inflammation amplifier have been genetically associated with various human inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe how cancer-associated genes, including interleukin (IL)-6, Ptgs2, ErbB1, Gas1, Serpine1, cMyc, and Vegf-α, are strongly enriched in genes related to the amplifier. The inflammation amplifier is activated by the stimulation of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6, resulting in the subsequent expression of various target genes for chemokines and tumor-related genes like BCL2L11, CPNE7, FAS, HIF1-α, IL-1RAP, and SOD2. Thus, we conclude that inflammation does indeed associate with the development of cancer. The identified genes associated with the inflammation amplifier may thus make potential therapeutic targets of cancers.
Two pairs of unprecedented β-carboline-phenylpropanoid heterogeneous alkaloids, (±)-pheharmines A-B (1-4), characterized by a morpholino4,3,2-
β-carboline core with two chiral centers, were isolated ...from the roots of
. The structures, including their absolute configurations, were identified using spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The biosynthetic hypothesis for the formation of pheharmines A-B was proposed. Compounds 1-4 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against HL-60 cell lines.
Ultrathin 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), which is the flagship of 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide nanomaterials, has drawn much attention in the last few years. 2D MoS2 has been banked as an ...alternative to platinum for highly active hydrogen evolution reaction because of its low cost, high surface‐to‐volume ratio, and abundant active sites. However, when MoS2 is used directly as a photocatalyst, contrary to public expectation, it still performs poorly due to lateral size, high recombination ratio of excitons, and low optical cross section. Besides, simply compositing MoS2 as a cocatalyst with other semiconductors cannot satisfy the practical application, which stimulates the pursual of a comprehensive insight into recent advances in synthesis, properties, and enhanced hydrogen production of MoS2. Therefore, in this Review, emphasis is given to synthetic methods, phase transitions, tunable optical properties, and interfacial engineering of 2D MoS2. Abundant ways of band edge tuning, structural modification, and phase transition are addressed, which can generate the neoteric photocatalytic systems. Finally, the main challenges and opportunities with respect to MoS2 being a cocatalyst and coherent light–matter interaction of MoS2 in photocatalytic systems are proposed.
A potential insight into synthesis methods, phase transitions, and tunable optical properties is reviewed for the rational design of MoS2 photocatalytic systems. Moreover, photocatalytic enhancements of plasmon‐assisted MoS2 are also reviewed to further explore the prospects for MoS2 as a cocatalyst and a photocatalyst.
Nanoscale robots have potential as intelligent drug delivery systems that respond to molecular triggers. Using DNA origami we constructed an autonomous DNA robot programmed to transport payloads and ...present them specifically in tumors. Our nanorobot is functionalized on the outside with a DNA aptamer that binds nucleolin, a protein specifically expressed on tumor-associated endothelial cells, and the blood coagulation protease thrombin within its inner cavity. The nucleolin-targeting aptamer serves both as a targeting domain and as a molecular trigger for the mechanical opening of the DNA nanorobot. The thrombin inside is thus exposed and activates coagulation at the tumor site. Using tumor-bearing mouse models, we demonstrate that intravenously injected DNA nanorobots deliver thrombin specifically to tumor-associated blood vessels and induce intravascular thrombosis, resulting in tumor necrosis and inhibition of tumor growth. The nanorobot proved safe and immunologically inert in mice and Bama miniature pigs. Our data show that DNA nanorobots represent a promising strategy for precise drug delivery in cancer therapy.
Structural variants of high‐nuclearity clusters are extremely important for their modular assembly study and functional expansion, yet the synthesis of such giant structural variants remains a great ...challenge. Herein, we prepared a lantern‐type giant polymolybdate cluster (L‐Mo132) containing equal metal nuclearity with the famous Keplerate type Mo132 (K‐Mo132). The skeleton of L‐Mo132 features a rare truncated rhombic triacontrahedron, which is totally different with the truncated icosahedral K‐Mo132. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to observe such structural variants in high‐nuclearity cluster built up of more than 100 metal atoms. Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that L‐Mo132 has good stability. More importantly, because the pentagonal Mo6O27n− building blocks in L‐Mo132 are concave instead of convex in the outer face, it contains multiple terminal coordinated water molecules on its outer surface, which make it expose more active metal sites to display superior phenol oxidation performance, which is more higher than that of K‐Mo132 coordinated in M=O bonds on the outer surface.
A new structural variant (L‐Mo132) of the giant Keplerate type polyoxometalate Mo132 (K‐Mo132) was synthesized. It features lantern type structure and contains multiple terminal coordinated H2O molecules on the outer surface. Its catalytic activity for the phenol oxidation reaction is superior to that of K‐Mo132.
Guangdong is one of the most representative provinces of China, in terms of reflecting how the provincial-level CO2 emissions dynamically evolve with economic development during the process of ...industrialisation and urbanisation. The present study combines decoupling analysis with environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) modelling to systematically explore the interactions between CO2 emissions and economic growth in Guangdong from the short to long terms, aiming to provide the referential significance of low-carbon development to other Chinese provinces. Empirical results indicate that CO2-economy interactions in Guangdong dynamically changed with time, performing an effect of expansive weak decoupling during 1995–2014 and having a potential to achieve a strong decoupling in the long run. The decoupling states of various sectors and their contributions to the provincial overall decoupling differed greatly and varied by time, and household and service sectors played increasingly important roles. Overall, the decoupling effect of provincial CO2 emissions is distinctly affected by the stage of industrialisation and urbanisation, renewable energy utilisation, as well as low-carbon technical progress. Therefore, promoting CO2-economy decoupling at the provincial level should be specific to the feature and development reality of various provinces.
Encoding specificity theory predicts most effective recall by the original conditions at encoding, while generalization endows recall flexibly under circumstances which deviate from the originals. ...The CA1 regions have been implicated in memory and generalization but whether and which locally separated mechanisms are involved is not clear. We report here that fear memory is quickly formed, but generalization develops gradually over 24 h. Generalization but not fear memory is impaired by inhibiting ipsilateral (ips) or contralateral (con) CA1, and by optogenetic silencing of the ipsCA1 projections onto conCA1. By contrast, in vivo fEPSP recordings reveal that ipsCA1-conCA1 synaptic efficacy is increased with delay over 24 h when generalization is formed but it is unchanged if generalization is disrupted. Direct excitation of ipsCA1-conCA1 synapses using chemogenetic hM3Dq facilitates generalization formation. Thus, rapid generalization is an active process dependent on bilateral CA1 regions, and encoded by gradual synaptic learning in ipsCA1-conCA1 circuit.
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynaecologic malignancy, and the five-year survival rate of patients is less than 35% worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a population of cells with stem-like ...characteristics that are thought to cause chemoresistance and recurrence. TRIM29 is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and associated with cancer development and progression. Previous studies showed that the upregulation of TRIM29 expression in pancreatic cancer is related to stem-like characteristics. However, the role of TRIM29 in ovarian cancer is poorly understood. In this study, we found that TRIM29 expression was increased at the translational level in both the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells and clinical tissues. Increased TRIM29 expression was associated with a poor prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. In addition, TRIM29 could enhance the CSC-like characteristics of the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Recruitment of YTHDF1 to m6A-modified TRIM29 was involved in promoting TRIM29 translation in the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of YTHDF1 suppressed the CSC-like characteristics of the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, which could be rescued by ectopic expression of TRIM29. This study suggests TRIM29 may act as an oncogene to promote the CSC-like features of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer in an m6A-YTHDF1-dependent manner. Due to the roles of TRIM29 and YTHDF1 in the promotion of CSC-like features, they may become potential therapeutic targets to combat the recurrence of ovarian cancer.
•TRIM29 expression is increased and implicated in maintenance of CSC-like features in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer•High TRIM29 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer•m6A-YTHDF1 increases translation of TRIM29 independent of Ago2-containing RISC in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells•YTHDF1 knockdown suppresses stem cell-like features of cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cells
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