Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are inflammatory mediators involved in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Pancreas-infiltrating neutrophils can release ...NETs, contributing to the inflammatory process. Levels of NETs are increased in serum from patients with T1D and mtDNA is increased in adult T1D patients. Our aim was to investigate extracellular DNA (NETs, mtDNA and nuclear DNA) in children with newly diagnosed T1D and in children at high risk of the disease. We also elucidated if extracellular DNA short after diagnosis could predict loss of endogenous insulin production. Samples were analysed for mtDNA and nuclear DNA using droplet digital PCR and NETs were assessed by a NET-remnants ELISA. In addition,
in vitro
assays for induction and degradation of NETs, as well as analyses of neutrophil elastase, HLA genotypes, levels of c-peptide, IL-1beta, IFN and autoantibodies (GADA, IA-2A, IAA and ZnT8A) were performed. In serum from children 10 days after T1D onset there was an increase in NETs (p=0.007), mtDNA (p<0.001) and nuclear DNA (p<0.001) compared to healthy children. The elevated levels were found only in younger children. In addition, mtDNA increased in consecutive samples short after onset (p=0.017). However, levels of extracellular DNA short after onset did not reflect future loss of endogenous insulin production. T1D serum induced NETs
in vitro
and did not deviate in the ability to degrade NETs. HLA genotypes and autoantibodies, except for ZnT8A, were not associated with extracellular DNA in T1D children. Serum from children with high risk of T1D showed fluctuating levels of extracellular DNA, sometimes increased compared to healthy children. Therefore, extracellular DNA in serum from autoantibody positive high-risk children does not seem to be a suitable biomarker candidate for prediction of T1D. In conclusion, we found increased levels of extracellular DNA in children with newly diagnosed T1D, which might be explained by an ongoing systemic inflammation.
Purpose - We wanted to examine the potential of the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group (SSG) Central Register, and evaluate referral and treatment practice for soft-tissue sarcomas in the extremities and ...trunk wall (STS) in the Nordic countries.
Background - Based on incidence rates from the literature, 8,150 (7,000-9,300) cases of STS of the extremity and trunk wall should have been diagnosed in Norway, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden from 1987 through 2011. The SSG Register has 6,027 cases registered from this period, with 5,837 having complete registration of key variables. 10 centers have been reporting to the Register. The 5 centers that consistently report treat approximately 90% of the cases in their respective regions. The remaining centers have reported all the patients who were treated during certain time periods, but not for the entire 25-year period.
Results - 59% of patients were referred to a sarcoma center untouched, i.e. before any attempt at open biopsy. There was an improvement from 52% during the first 5 years to 70% during the last 5 years. 50% had wide or better margins at surgery. Wide margins are now achieved less often than 20 years ago, in parallel with an increase in the use of radiotherapy. For the centers that consistently report, 97% of surviving patients are followed for more than 4 years. Metastasis-free survival (MFS) increased from 67% to 73% during the 25-year period.
Interpretation - The Register is considered to be representative of extremity and trunk wall sarcoma disease in the population of Scandinavia, treated at the reporting centers. There were no clinically significant differences in treatment results at these centers.
I språkutbildning vid svenska lärosäten finns det vanligtvis ett antal studenter i varje grupp som har det studerade språket som modersmål (L1), även om majoriteten utgörs av studerande som läser ...språket som främmande språk (L2). I vår studie undersöker vi erfarenheter av att undervisa denna typ av grupp genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex universitetslärare i franska, spanska och tyska. Undersökningen visar att lärarna mestadels ser L1-studenterna som en tillgång för gruppen, samtidigt som de är medvetna om risken att dessa blir alltför tongivande. Det framgår också att L1-studenterna, majoriteten med högskolestudier från hemlandet, överlag accepterar att de måste läsa sitt modersmål tillsammans med L2-inlärare för att bli lärare i svensk skola.
This study investigates the publication and reception of the Latin American boom literature in Sweden from 1960 to 1990, focusing on Julio Cortázar, Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez and Mario ...Vargas Llosa. It analyses the extent of Swedish translations of their works and the type and amount of attention they received in the Swedish press. Using a bibliometric approach for the translations, and analysing press material on the authors from the evening papers Aftonbladet and Expressen, the study found that 258 of the 532 works translated from Spanish to Swedish during the investigated period were Latin American, with 52 (20%) by the feautured authors. The press material reveals that García Márquez was the most covered, especially around his 1982 Nobel Prize, and the assessment of his literature and public persona was generally positive. Fuentes received significant attention in the 1980s and was also favourably regarded. Vargas Llosa was introduced early on to the Swedish readership, but his literary work and political engagement elicited mixed reactions. Cortázar received the least press coverage, correlating with fewer translations and less public attention.
Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) facilitate the passive transport of small polar molecules across membranes. MIPs constitute a very old family of proteins and different forms have been found in all ...kinds of living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. In the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis, we have identified 35 different MIP-encoding genes. Based on sequence similarity, these 35 proteins are divided into four different subfamilies: plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, tonoplast intrinsic proteins, NOD26-like intrinsic proteins also called NOD26-like MIPs, and the recently discovered small basic intrinsic proteins. In Arabidopsis, there are 13 plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, 10 tonoplast intrinsic proteins, nine NOD26-like intrinsic proteins, and three small basic intrinsic proteins. The gene structure in general is conserved within each subfamily, although there is a tendency to lose introns. Based on phylogenetic comparisons of maize (Zea mays) and Arabidopsis MIPs (AtMIPs), it is argued that the general intron patterns in the subfamilies were formed before the split of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Although the gene structure is unique for each subfamily, there is a common pattern in how transmembrane helices are encoded on the exons in three of the subfamilies. The nomenclature for plant MIPs varies widely between different species but also between subfamilies in the same species. Based on the phylogeny of all AtMIPs, a new and more consistent nomenclature is proposed. The complete set of AtMIPs, together with the new nomenclature, will facilitate the isolation, classification, and labeling of plant MIPs from other species.
Aquaporins are water channel proteins belonging to the major intrinsic protein (MIP) superfamily of membrane proteins. More than 150 MIPs have been identified in organisms ranging from bacteria to ...animals and plants. In plants, aquaporins are present in the plasma membrane and in the vacuolar membrane where they are abundant constituents. Functional studies of aquaporins have hitherto mainly been performed by heterologous expression in
Xenopus oocytes. A main issue is now to understand their role in the plant, where they are likely to be important both at the cellular and at the whole plant level. Plants contain a large number of aquaporin isoforms with distinct cell type- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Some of these are constitutively expressed, whereas the expression of others is regulated in response to environmental factors, such as drought and salinity. At the protein level, regulation of water transport activity by phosphorylation has been reported for some aquaporins.
Under lång tid har såväl studenter som lärare inom humaniora önskat och krävt mer lärarledd undervisningstid. I väntan på det vill jag emellertid diskutera hur man som lärare kan hjälpa studenterna ...att utnyttja självstudietiden på ett så effektivt sätt som möjligt med ett minimum av lärarresurser, för att på så sätt öka kontakttiden med ämnet. Diskussionen tar sin utgångspunkt i pedagogisk forskning, erfarenhetsutbyte med kolleger, samt i en mindre undersökning som jag genomfört med studenter på grundkursen i spanska (A-nivån) vid Språk- och litteraturcentrum i Lund, och den mynnar ut i några förslag på arbetssätt som kan hjälpa studenterna att effektivisera sina språkstudier.
Plant outward-rectifying K⁺ channels mediate K⁺ efflux from guard cells during stomatal closure and from root cells into the xylem for root-shoot allocation of potassium (K). Intriguingly, the gating ...of these channels depends on the extracellular K⁺ concentration, although the ions carrying the current are derived from inside the cell. This K⁺ dependence confers a sensitivity to the extracellular K⁺ concentration (K⁺) that ensures that the channels mediate K⁺ efflux only, regardless of the K⁺ prevailing outside. We investigated the mechanism of K⁺-dependent gating of the K⁺ channel SKOR of Arabidopsis by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutations affecting the intrinsic K⁺ dependence of gating were found to cluster in the pore and within the sixth transmembrane helix (S6), identifying an 'S6 gating domain' deep within the membrane. Mapping the SKOR sequence to the crystal structure of the voltage-dependent K⁺ channel KvAP from Aeropyrum pernix suggested interaction between the S6 gating domain and the base of the pore helix, a prediction supported by mutations at this site. These results offer a unique insight into the molecular basis for a physiologically important K⁺-sensory process in plants.
El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la selección literaria de español como asignatura académica en Suecia del periodo 2000-2017 con enfoque en la cuestión de género. La hipótesis es que la ...universidad, en su calidad de institución transmisora, privilegia la literatura consagrada, de autor masculino, y que los estudiantes en alto grado se dejan orientar por la selección de los docentes. El estudio de las listas de lectura revela que la proporción de obras escritas por mujeres es un 23 % en el año 2000 y un 34 % en 2017. A pesar del auge, las obras de autoría masculina siguen en mayoría, y el análisis confirma que la universidad da prioridad a la literatura de autor masculino. Para descubrir las preferencias de los estudiantes, se analiza su elección de textos literarios para las tesinas de grado individuales. La comparación de las tesinas de 2000-2002 y de 2017-2019 muestra que la proporción de obras escritas por mujeres ha crecido de un 41 % a un 67 %. La conclusión es que no hay una fuerte correlación entre la selección institucional y las inclinaciones de los estudiantes: gran número de estos últimos eligen autorías femeninas, probablemente motivado por la conciencia de género que se ha generalizado en la sociedad sueca.
Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka urvalet av litterära texter i spanska som akademiskt ämne i Sverige under perioden 2000-2017 med fokus på genus. Hypotesen är att universitetet i sin egenskap av litteraturförmedlande institution gynnar konsekrerade verk av manliga författare, och att studenterna i hög grad låter sig orienteras av lärarnas urval. En undersökning av litteraturlistor från spanskan vid tre svenska universitet visar att andelen verk skrivna av kvinnor år 2000 var 23 %, medan den var 34 % år 2017. Trots en ökning fortsätter verken av manliga författare alltså att vara i majoritet, vilket bekräftar antagandet att universitetet ger företräde åt manliga författare. För att undersöka studenternas preferenser studerades vilka verk de valt att ägna sina kandidatuppsatser åt. En jämförelse mellan uppsatserna från 2000-2002 och 2017-2019 gav vid handen att andelen verk skrivna av kvinnor, som blivit föremål för uppsats, hade ökat från 41 % till 67 %. Slutsatsen är att sambandet mellan det institutionella urvalet och studenternas egna val av litterära texter är svagare än förväntat. Många studenter föredrar att fördjupa sig i verk skrivna av kvinnliga författare, möjligen som en följd av den genusmedvetenhet som blivit allmän i Sverige.
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