Regulation by Shaming Johnson, Matthew S.
The American economic review,
06/2020, Letnik:
110, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Publicizing firms’ socially undesirable actions may enhance firms’ incentives to avoid such actions. In 2009, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) began issuing press releases ...about facilities that violated safety and health regulations. Using quasi-random variation arising from a cutoff rule OSHA followed, I find that publicizing a facility’s violations led other facilities to substantially improve their compliance and experience fewer occupational injuries. OSHA would need to conduct 210 additional inspections to achieve the same improvement in compliance as achieved with a single press release. Evidence suggests that employers improve compliance to avoid costly responses from workers.
Many scholars have emphasized the importance of sustainability management in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Although various publications discuss different approaches and potential ...barriers of implementation, a review of the existing research on sustainability management tools for SMEs is nonetheless missing. Based on a systematic review of the academic literature, this paper discusses reasons why SMEs should implement sustainability management tools. A further analysis reveals that most such tools are perceived to have little to no implementation in SMEs. The main implementation barriers and facilitating criteria are discussed. In addition, implications for future research, SME management, and public policy are drawn.
Entrepreneurship for sustainable development is a multilevel phenomenon connecting social, environmental and economic dimensions between entrepreneurial processes, market transformations, as well as ...large-scale societal developments. While previous articles on social, environmental, and sustainable entrepreneurship have advanced our understanding on processes of discovery, creation, and exploitation of sustainability-oriented opportunities, the links between contextual influences on venture development and transformational outcomes at multiple levels are only partially captured in extant frameworks. Drawing out causal mechanisms with a systematic review, this article proposes a multilevel framework for linking mechanisms in existing literature and proposing future research on entrepreneurship for sustainable development.
The high concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) that found in water in many locations are of concern. Among the available water treatment methods, heterogeneous ...photocatalysis using TiO2 is an emerging and viable technology to overcome the occurrence of PPCP in natural and waste water. The combination of carbonaceous materials (e.g., activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets) with TiO2, a recent development, gives significantly improved performance. In this article, we present a critical review of the development and fabrication of carbonaceous-TiO2 and its application to PPCP removal including its influence on water chemistry, and the relevant operational parameters. Finally, we present an analysis of current priorities in the ongoing research and development of carbonaceous-TiO2 for the photodegradation of PPCP.
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•The review considers studies on PPCPs' degradation by C–TiO2 over the past decade.•Studies on the performance of C–TiO2 under environmentally relevant are limited.•Cheap, scalable and environment-friendly method for C–TiO2 preparation is needed.
Microalgae have the ability to synthetize many compounds, some of which have been recognized as a source of functional ingredients for nutraceuticals with positive health effects. One well-known ...example is the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for human nutrition. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the two most important long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) PUFAs involved in human physiology, and both industries are almost exclusively based on microalgae. In addition, algae produce phytosterols that reduce serum cholesterol. Here we determined the growth rates, biomass yields, PUFA and sterol content, and daily gain of eight strains of marine cryptophytes. The maximal growth rates of the cryptophytes varied between 0.34-0.70 divisions day
, which is relatively good in relation to previously screened algal taxa. The studied cryptophytes were extremely rich in ω-3 PUFAs, especially in EPA and DHA (range 5.8-12.5 and 0.8-6.1 µg mg dry weight
, respectively), but their sterol concentrations were low. Among the studied strains,
was superior in PUFA production, and it also produces all PUFAs, i.e., α-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA), EPA, and DHA, which is rare in phytoplankton in general. We conclude that marine cryptophytes are a good alternative for the ecologically sustainable and profitable production of health-promoting lipids.
We demonstrate through theoretical, empirical, and sociocultural evidence that the concept of impulsivity fails the basic requirements of a psychological construct and should be rejected as such. ...Impulsivity (or impulsiveness) currently holds a central place in psychological theory, research, and clinical practice and is considered a multifaceted concept. However, impulsivity falls short of the theoretical specifications for hypothetical constructs by having meaning that is not compatible with psychometric, neuroscience, and clinical data. Psychometric findings indicate that impulsive traits and behaviors (e.g., response inhibition, delay discounting) are largely uncorrelated and fail to load onto a single, superordinate latent variable. Modern neuroscience has also failed to identify a specific and central neurobehavioral mechanism underlying impulsive behaviors and instead has found separate neurochemical systems and loci that contribute to a variety of impulsivity types. Clinically, these different impulsivity types show diverging and distinct pathways and processes relating to behavioral and psychosocial health. The predictive validity and sensitivity of impulsivity measures to pharmacological, behavioral, and cognitive interventions also vary based on the impulsivity type evaluated and clinical condition examined. Conflation of distinct personality and behavioral mechanisms under a single umbrella of impulsivity ultimately increases the likelihood of misunderstanding at a sociocultural level and facilitates misled hypothesizing and artificial inconsistencies for clinical translation. We strongly recommend that, based on this comprehensive evidence, psychological scientists and neuroscientists reject the language of impulsivity in favor of a specific focus on the several well-defined and empirically supported factors that impulsivity is purported to cover.
Recently, a series of new photocatalysts have been developed for to combat diverse bio-recalcitrant contaminants and the inactivation of bacteria. Modeling photocatalytic processes is important to ...assess these materials, and to understand and optimize their performance. In this study, the recent literature is critically reviewed and analyzed to identify and compare methods of modeling photocatalytic performance. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood model (L-H) has been used in many studies to rationalize the degradation kinetics of single contaminants because it is the simplest model including both the adsorption equilibrium and degradation rates. Other studies report the development of more sophisticated variants of the L-H model that include the rates of catalyst excitation, recombination of electron-hole pairs, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and formation of by-products. Modified Chick-Watson (CW) and Hom models have been used by many researchers to include lag phases of bacteria in the description of disinfection kinetics. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used to analyze the effects of operational conditions on photocatalyst performance. Moreover, response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed for experimental design, and optimization of operational conditions. We have reviewed and analyzed all available articles that model photocatalytic activity towards water pollution, summarized and put them in context, and recommended future research directions.
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•A large set of articles on photocatalytic modeling have been reviewed.•Current semi-mechanistic models overlook realistic water background components.•Future models need to be based on experiments under low concentration (ng/L–μg/L).•New models on compounds other than dyes and E.coli need to be developed.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cancer worldwide. Its incidence is increasing, and is closely related to advanced liver disease. Cirrhosis represents the greatest risk factor for this ...malignancy, and is the main indication for screening and surveillance. The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma can frequently, and uniquely, be made on characteristic multiphase contrast based cross-sectional imaging rather than strict need for tissue sampling. Despite advances in medical, locoregional and surgical therapies, hepatocellular carcinoma remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related death globally. In this review, current approaches to management of hepatocellular carcinoma are discussed, which incorporate both tumor and patient factors. The salient considerations in surgical (resection, liver transplantation), locoregional (ablation and embolic therapies) and medical therapies are highlighted.
The higher plant chloroplast thylakoid membrane system performs the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These provide the ATP and NADPH required for the fixation of CO2 into biomass by the ...Calvin-Benson cycle and a range of other metabolic reactions in the stroma. Land plants are frequently challenged by fluctuations in their environment, such as light, nutrient and water availability, which can create a mismatch between the amounts of ATP and NADPH produced and the amounts required by the downstream metabolism. Left unchecked, such imbalances can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species that damage the plant and harm productivity. Fortunately, plants have evolved a complex range of regulatory processes to avoid or minimize such deleterious effects by controlling the efficiency of light harvesting and electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane. Generally the regulation of the light reactions has been studied and conceptualised at the microscopic level of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, however in recent years dynamic changes in the thylakoid macrostructure itself have been recognised to play a significant role in regulating light harvesting and electron transfer. Here we review the evidence for the involvement of macrostructural changes in photosynthetic regulation and review the techniques that brought this evidence to light.
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•We review current understanding of how higher plant thylakoid membrane structure shapes the regulation of photosynthesis.•We argue that many facets of regulation can be seen as emergent properties of the dynamic thylakoid membrane macrostructure.•The regulatory responses to low / high light are discussed and functional synergies between distinct mechanisms highlighted.•The factors involved in the reorganisation of the membrane macrostructure are becoming clearer thanks to recent advances•The novel methods that have provided this advance in knowledge are reviewed.
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