Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes are increasingly becoming standard of care for several surgical procedures. However, compliance with ERAS protocols including pain management ...protocols remains poor. The PROSPECT (PROcedure-SPEcific Postoperative Pain ManagemenT) collaboration provides evidence-based, procedure-specific pain management recommendations presented as preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative interventions as well as surgical interventions that are easy to access, transparent and relevant to clinicians. This approach should facilitate incorporation of pain management recommendations in an ERAS protocol and improve compliance with the protocols. This article presents an improved approach to developing pain management guidelines as well as a pragmatic approach to procedure-specific perioperative pain management that could be incorporated in an ERAS pathway.
Hybrid lead halide perovskites exhibit carrier properties that resemble those of pristine nonpolar semiconductors despite static and dynamic disorder, but how carriers are protected from efficient ...scattering with charged defects and optical phonons is unknown. Here, we reveal the carrier protection mechanism by comparing three single-crystal lead bromide perovskites: CH₃NH₃PbBr₃, CH(NH₂)₂PbBr₃, and CsPbBr₃. We observed hot fluorescence emission from energetic carriers with ~10²-picosecond lifetimes in CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ or CH(NH₂)₂PbBr₃, but not in CsPbBr₃. The hot fluorescence is correlated with liquid-like molecular reorientational motions, suggesting that dynamic screening protects energetic carriers via solvation or large polaron formation on time scales competitive with that of ultrafast cooling. Similar protections likely exist for band-edge carriers. The long-lived energetic carriers may enable hot-carrier solar cells with efficiencies exceeding the Shockley-Queisser limit.
Predicting climatic niche of species and projecting their potential range shifts in geographic distribution under future climate scenarios is essential for assessing impacts of climate change. ...Ecological niche-based models are widely used to map habitat suitability of current and future potential distribution of species, using precise coordinates of species occurrences, along with climatic and various environmental variables. Despite the importance of high dependence on forest resources in the Himalayan region, the direct impacts of climate change on major forest tree species is not well-documented. In the present study, we used MaxEnt (or maximum entropy) modelling to predict current distribution and changes in the future distributions of four ecologically and economically dominant forest tree species (Quercus leucotrichophora, Q. semecarpifolia, Q. floribunda, and Pinus roxburghii) in the central Himalayan region. Future predictions were based on representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for two time periods (2050s and 2070s). We demonstrated the use of MaxEnt by combining different climatic, geomorphologic, and pedologic variables as predictor variables to model the potential climatic niches. We evaluated the model performance with an average AUC value varying as 0.809 (±0.020), 0.982 (±0.008), 0.966 (±0.006), and 0.803 (±0.025) for Q. leucotrichophora, Q. semecarpifolia, Q. floribunda and P. roxburghii, respectively. Depending upon the RCPs, the results show both increase and decrease in suitable habitat range of these species across all future climate scenarios. The shifts in geographic distributions of climatic niches show unusual patterns, implying the need for urgent adaptive forest management strategies. Our approach can be used as a baseline database for broad-scale applicability in forest tree species restoration and conservation planning.
Representative data on knowledge and awareness about diabetes is scarce in India and is extremely important to plan public health policies aimed at preventing and controlling diabetes.
The aim of the ...following study is to assess awareness and knowledge about diabetes in the general population, as well as in individuals with diabetes in four selected regions of India.
The study subjects were drawn from a representative sample of four geographical regions of India, Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand and Maharashtra representing North, South, East and West and covering a population of 213 million. A total of 16,607 individuals (5112 urban and 11,495 rural) aged ≥20 years were selected from 188 urban and 175 rural areas. Awareness of diabetes and knowledge of causative factors and complications of diabetes were assessed using an interviewer administered structured questionnaire in 14,274 individuals (response rate, 86.0%), which included 480 self-reported diabetic subjects.
Only 43.2% (6160/14,274) of the overall study population had heard about a condition called diabetes. Overall urban residents had higher awareness rates (58.4%) compared to rural residents (36.8%) (P < 0.001). About 46.7% of males and 39.6% of females reported that they knew about a condition called diabetes (P < 0.001). Of the general population, 41.5% (5726/13,794) knew about a condition called diabetes. Among them, 80.7% (4620/5726) knew that the prevalence of diabetes was increasing, whereas among diabetic subjects, it was 93.0% (448/480). Among the general and diabetic population, 56.3% and 63.4% respectively, were aware that diabetes could be prevented. Regarding complications, 51.5% of the general population and 72.7% diabetic population knew that diabetes could affect other organs. Based on a composite knowledge score to assess knowledge among the general population, Tamil Nadu had the highest (31.7) and Jharkhand the lowest score (16.3). However among self-reported diabetic subjects, Maharashtra had the highest (70.1) and Tamil Nadu, the lowest score (56.5).
Knowledge and awareness about diabetes in India, particularly in rural areas, is poor. This underscores the need for conducting large scale diabetes awareness and education programs.
Summary
Video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery has become increasingly popular due to faster recovery times and reduced postoperative pain compared with thoracotomy. However, analgesic regimens for ...video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery vary significantly. The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the available literature and develop recommendations for optimal pain management after video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. A systematic review was undertaken using procedure‐specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) methodology. Randomised controlled trials published in the English language, between January 2010 and January 2021 assessing the effect of analgesic, anaesthetic or surgical interventions were identified. We retrieved 1070 studies of which 69 randomised controlled trials and two reviews met inclusion criteria. We recommend the administration of basic analgesia including paracetamol and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or cyclo‐oxygenase‐2‐specific inhibitors pre‐operatively or intra‐operatively and continued postoperatively. Intra‐operative intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion may be used, specifically when basic analgesia and regional analgesic techniques could not be given. In addition, a paravertebral block or erector spinae plane block is recommended as a first‐choice option. A serratus anterior plane block could also be administered as a second‐choice option. Opioids should be reserved as rescue analgesics in the postoperative period.
Aims/hypothesis
This study reports the results of the first phase of a national study to determine the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose ...tolerance) in India.
Methods
A total of 363 primary sampling units (188 urban, 175 rural), in three states (Tamilnadu, Maharashtra and Jharkhand) and one union territory (Chandigarh) of India were sampled using a stratified multistage sampling design to survey individuals aged ≥20 years. The prevalence rates of diabetes and prediabetes were assessed by measurement of fasting and 2 h post glucose load capillary blood glucose.
Results
Of the 16,607 individuals selected for the study, 14,277 (86%) participated, of whom 13,055 gave blood samples. The weighted prevalence of diabetes (both known and newly diagnosed) was 10.4% in Tamilnadu, 8.4% in Maharashtra, 5.3% in Jharkhand, and 13.6% in Chandigarh. The prevalences of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) were 8.3%, 12.8%, 8.1% and 14.6% respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age, male sex, family history of diabetes, urban residence, abdominal obesity, generalised obesity, hypertension and income status were significantly associated with diabetes. Significant risk factors for prediabetes were age, family history of diabetes, abdominal obesity, hypertension and income status.
Conclusions/interpretations
We estimate that, in 2011, Maharashtra will have 6 million individuals with diabetes and 9.2 million with prediabetes, Tamilnadu will have 4.8 million with diabetes and 3.9 million with prediabetes, Jharkhand will have 0.96 million with diabetes and 1.5 million with prediabetes, and Chandigarh will have 0.12 million with diabetes and 0.13 million with prediabetes. Projections for the whole of India would be 62.4 million people with diabetes and 77.2 million people with prediabetes.
The shift towards urban living is changing food demand. Past studies on India show significant urban-rural differences in food consumption. However, a scientific understanding of the underlying ...relationships between urbanization and food consumption is limited. This study provides the first detailed analysis of how urbanization influences both quantity and diversity of food consumption in India by harnessing the strength of multiple datasets, including consumer expenditure surveys, satellite imagery, and census data. Our statistical analysis shows three main findings. First, in contrast to existing studies, we find that much of the variation in food consumption quantity is due to income and not urbanization. After controlling for income and state-level differences, our results show that average consumption is higher in urban than rural areas for fewer than 10% of all commodities. That is, there is nearly no difference in average consumption between urban and rural residents. Second, we find the influence of urbanization as a population share on food consumption diversity to be statistically insignificant (p-value > 0.1). Instead, the results show that infrastructure, market access, percentage working women in urban areas, and norms and institutions have a statistically significant influence. Third, all covariates of food consumption diversity we tested were found to be associated with urbanization. This suggests that urbanization influences on food consumption are both indirect and multidimensional. These results show that increases in the urban population size alone do not explain changes in food consumption in India. If we are to understand how food consumption may change in the future due to urbanization, the study points to the need for a more complex and multidimensional understanding of the urbanization process that goes beyond demographic shifts.
Global pulses scenario: status and outlook Joshi, P.K.; Rao, P. Parthasarathy
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
March 2017, 2017-03-00, 20170301, Letnik:
1392, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although pulse production grew significantly by 1.3% between 1980 and 2013, its per capita availability remained stagnant at around 6.5 kg/capita/year. In 1961, its availability was 9.3 ...kg/capita/year. One consequence of slower growth in its production is rising pulse prices, which are twice that of cereals. The declining availability of pulses also triggered a boom in its trade, with 19% of the global pulse production traded in 2011 compared with 7% in 1980. In absolute terms, there has been a more than fourfold increase in pulse trade, compared with an only 1.5‐fold increase for cereals. To meet the export demand, pulse production diversified, with developed countries emerging as the main exporters while developing countries were the main importers. The exceptions were Southeastern Asia (Myanmar) and Eastern Africa, which also emerged as important exporters. Projections using an International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade indicate that the demand for pulses will continue to grow in the short‐to‐medium term in developing counties owing to growing population, rising per capita incomes among the lower‐income groups, and increasing demand for snack/processed foods due to growing urbanization.
The paper reviews the status of glacier mapping with special reference to the Indian Himalaya. The review provides information on various satellite remote sensing data interpretation methods used ...with special emphasis laid on recent semi-automated algorithms used for glacier and debris-cover mapping, along with their limitations and challenges. Further, the pragmatic solutions on offer are discussed, and the emerging areas of glacier mapping research are highlighted. The review also touches - contribution of Survey of India (SOI) and Geological Survey of India (GSI) in the glacier mapping. Finally, it discusses the wider range of spatial and spectral domains in which remote sensing data helps to inventories glaciers. The review also identifies gaps in using the latest techniques like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and machine learning algorithms to improvise on the ongoing efforts. At last, the review provides an exhaustive list of references on glacier mapping from the Indian Himalaya as benefit to readers.
•Isolation of Bacillus aryabhattai-related bacterial isolates with zinc-solubilizing abilities.•Bacterial isolates produced organic acids and solubilized insoluble zinc compounds.•Rhizosphere ...inoculation of two crops mobilized native soil zinc from unavailable forms.•Improved growth, yield and zinc content in soybean and wheat crops upon inoculation.•First report of B. aryabhattai-related isolates from rhizosphere of soybean cultivated in India.
Zinc deficiency not only affects crop yields, but also nutritional quality and human health. Microbial transformation of unavailable forms of soil zinc to plant available zinc is an important approach contributing to plant zinc nutrition and growth promotion. Therefore, the objectives were to (a) assess in vitro zinc solubilization ability of Bacillus aryabhattai strains MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14 in medium supplemented with three insoluble zinc salts (zinc oxide, zinc carbonate and zinc phosphate) and (b) to evaluate their response of inoculation on crop growth, soil biological properties, zinc mobilization from native zinc-pool of soil and acquisition by soybean and wheat under microcosm conditions. The microcosm experiment comprised of five treatments for each crop, viz., (1) un-inoculated control without crop (non-rhizosphere soil); (2) un-inoculated control with crop; (3) B. aryabhattai MDSR7; (4) B. aryabhattai MDSR11; and (5) B. aryabhattai MDSR14 in completely randomized block design with twelve replications. While testing under in vitro, all the three strains possessed IAA, siderophore and ammonia producing traits. The strains MDSR7 and MDSR14 produced substantially higher soluble zinc content with significant decline in pH and increase in total organic acid production in Tris-minimal broth supplemented with insoluble zinc compounds. Further on inoculation with MDSR7 and MDSR14 substantially decreased rhizosphere soil pH and increased dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, auxin production, microbial respiration and microbial biomass-C in the rhizosphere soils of soybean and wheat. The operation of all these soil processes regulated by B. aryabhattai strains resulted in a depletion of organically complexed and calcium carbonate bound zinc and an increase in exchangeable and sesquioxide bound zinc in soil. Such enhanced microbial activities and redistribution among different zinc pools in rhizosphere might have paved way for increased plant available zinc resulting in increased growth promotion and zinc assimilation in seeds by soybean and wheat crops. This assumes significance as the increased zinc concentration found in this study has large implications in terms of overcoming zinc malnutrition. We conclude that the strains MDSR7 and MDSR14 substantially influenced mobilization of zinc and its concentration in edible portion, yield of soybean and wheat, and can be utilized as bio-inoculants for biofertilization and biofortification.
PDF
