The article examines administrative workarounds in the context of university research administration. The empirical results from 116 semi-structured interviews with academic researchers with active ...National Science Foundation awards are framed by a “Rules Response” model positing relationships among rules compliance requests, administrative burden, red tape, and response choices, including compliance, appeal, rule bending, rule breaking, and workaround behaviors. Propositions are presented and reviewed in light of empirical results. The article concludes with implications of empirical results for improving the Rules Response model and a more general discussion of research needed to improve the understanding of both rules compliance and workarounds.
We performed a prospective survey on the adverse reactions following the first dose of two types of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare workers (HCWs) in South Korea.
...HCWs at a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, South Korea, received a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or an mRNA-based vaccine (BNT162b2) between March 5 and March 26, 2021. The HCWs were asked to report adverse reactions through a mobile self-report questionnaire for three days after vaccination.
A total of 7,625 HCWs received the first dose of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccine during the study period. Of them, 5,866 (76.9%) HCWs (ChAdOx1, n = 5,589 95.3%; BNT162b2, n = 277 4.7%) participated at least once in the survey, of whom 77% were female and 86% were younger than 50 years. The overall adverse reaction rate was 93% in the ChAdOx1 group and 80% in the BNT162b2 group (
< 0.001). Both local and systemic reactions were more commonly reported in the ChAdOx1 group, and the difference was larger in systemic reactions such as fever and fatigue. In the ChAdOx1 group, the incidence of adverse reactions was significantly higher in females and those in the younger age groups, while the BNT162b2 group showed such difference according to age.
In our prospective survey, vaccine-associated adverse reactions were more commonly reported in the ChAdOx1 group than in the BNT162b2 group. Females and younger age groups experienced vaccine-associated adverse reactions more frequently.
Humans are repeatedly exposed to influenza virus via infections and vaccinations. Understanding how multiple exposures and pre-existing immunity impact antibody responses is essential for vaccine ...development. Given the recent prevalence of influenza H1N1 A/California/7/2009 (CA09), we examined the clonal composition and dynamics of CA09 hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive IgG repertoire over 5 years in a donor with multiple influenza exposures. The anti-CA09 HA polyclonal response in this donor comprised 24 persistent antibody clonotypes, accounting for 72.6% ± 10.0% of the anti-CA09 HA repertoire over 5 years. These persistent antibodies displayed higher somatic hypermutation relative to transient serum antibodies detected at one time point. Additionally, persistent antibodies predominantly demonstrated cross-reactivity and potent neutralization toward a phylogenetically distant H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (VT04) strain, a feature correlated with HA stem recognition. This analysis reveals how “serological imprinting” impacts responses to influenza and suggests that once elicited, cross-reactive antibodies targeting the HA stem can persist for years.
Display omitted
•Longitudinal profiling of anti-H1N1 serum antibodies (Abs) reveals persisting Abs•The persistent Abs on average account for >70% of the serum responses over 5 years•Most persistent Abs bind and neutralize a highly divergent H5N1 viral strain•Cross-neutralizing anti-influenza Abs can persist in the circulation
In recent years, there has been a great interest in understanding how repeated exposures to influenza can change the already established host antibody repertoire. Lee et al. quantitatively demonstrate that over multiple years and repeated vaccinations, the serum response to influenza is dominated by a small number of persistent antibodies.
When employees fear punishment for taking initiative, organizations are likely to be less effective and, equally important, such fear extracts a human toll, often contributing to a variety of ...manifestations of unhappiness including diminished health. We focus on two different types of fears of punishment, fear of being punished for presenting new ideas and for bending organizational rules. Employing Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing data from 1,189 participants in the 2015 survey of National Administrative Studies Project Citizen, we test hypotheses about possible differences in fear of punishment according to sector (government vs. business), general risk propensity, views about coworkers, job clarity, gender, and whether respondents are members of an underrepresented racial or ethnic minority. Using nested robust regression models, we find that the two different types of fear of punishment are predicted by different variables. Sector has no bearing on fear of punishment for presenting new ideas but is a major predictor of differences in fear of bending the rules, with government employees being more fearful. While gender has no significant effects, being a racial minority is closely related to fear of presenting new ideas. Having a negative view of one’s fellow workers, particularly one’s supervisor, is associated with greater fear of punishment from both rule bending and presenting new ideas. Those with a clear organization mission and job clarity are less likely to be afraid of punishment for proposing innovative ideas but not necessarily for bending rules. We suggest that the results have implications for managerial practice and human resource reform.
Background As the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, driven by the Omicron variant, infection rates in children have recently rapidly surged compared with previous years. We ...aimed to investigate the presentation of kidney involvement in children after Omicron variant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of pediatric patients who presented with kidney disease with a temporal relationship with COVID-19 between January and August 2022 in a single tertiary center in Korea. Results Fifteen children presented with kidney involvement after Omicron variant infection, with a median age of 10.6 (6.8-18.3) years. None of the patients exhibited severe respiratory symptoms apart from cough and sore throat. The median time from infection to renal symptom onset was 3 (0-49) days. Among 10 patients with underlying kidney disease, six had previously been diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome (NS) that relapsed after COVID-19 infection, two with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) experienced transient gross hematuria (GHU) with or without acute kidney injury (AKI), and two with kidney transplantation presented with AKI. Of the five patients without underlying kidney disease, one patient had NS, and the other four patients had GHU and proteinuria (PU), of whom one was eventually diagnosed with Henoch Shönlein Purpura nephritis (HSPN), and one with rhabdomyolysis. The seven patients with NS (1 new-onset, 6 relapsed) had uneventful remission with corticosteroid therapy. Apart from one patient with new-onset HSPN, GHU and PU resolved spontaneously in all affected patients, and AKI also resolved with supportive care. Conclusions Kidney involvement subsequent to Omicron variant COVID-19 exhibited various, but mostly mild manifestations in children. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 variant infection, Children, Nephrotic syndrome, Hematuria, Proteinuria
LANGUAGE· The proper monitoring for and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced acute kidney injury, which is common in critically ill children, are recommended.· Glomerulopathy ...associated with COVID-19 or its vaccination has been reported, and the overall clinical course is similar to that of non-COVID-19-associated diseases.· Additional COVID-19 vaccinations are recommended; however, careful and individualized decisions should be made in patients with COVID-19- or vaccination-associated glomerulopathy.
Sensory over-responsivity (SOR), extreme sensitivity to or avoidance of sensory stimuli (e.g., scratchy fabrics, loud sounds), is a highly prevalent and impairing feature of neurodevelopmental ...disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), anxiety, and ADHD. Previous studies have found overactive brain responses and reduced modulation of thalamocortical connectivity in response to mildly aversive sensory stimulation in ASD. These findings suggest altered thalamic sensory gating which could be associated with an excitatory/inhibitory neurochemical imbalance, but such thalamic neurochemistry has never been examined in relation to SOR. Here we utilized magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the relationship between thalamic and somatosensory cortex inhibitory (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA) and excitatory (glutamate) neurochemicals with the intrinsic functional connectivity of those regions in 35 ASD and 35 typically developing pediatric subjects. Although there were no diagnostic group differences in neurochemical concentrations in either region, within the ASD group, SOR severity correlated negatively with thalamic GABA (r = -0.48, p < 0.05) and positively with somatosensory glutamate (r = 0.68, p < 0.01). Further, in the ASD group, thalamic GABA concentration predicted altered connectivity with regions previously implicated in SOR. These variations in GABA and associated network connectivity in the ASD group highlight the potential role of GABA as a mechanism underlying individual differences in SOR, a major source of phenotypic heterogeneity in ASD. In ASD, abnormalities of the thalamic neurochemical balance could interfere with the thalamic role in integrating, relaying, and inhibiting attention to sensory information. These results have implications for future research and GABA-modulating pharmacologic interventions.
A high prevalence of mpox in men who have sex with men and in people with HIV, plus visually striking and contagious lesions, have raised concerns for mpox stigma. 24 PCR-confirmed mpox patients were ...surveyed over the course of three months, utilizing an mpox stigma scale adapted from the HIV Stigma Scale plus assessment of pain, analgesic efficacy, and healthcare experiences. Participants were cis-male (100%), with male sexual partners (96%), mostly African-American (88%), and living with HIV (79%). Patients answered 4-16 of 24 (mean 10) stigma questions affirmatively, particularly related to negative effects of mpox on the LGBTQ community. 79% reported pain, most commonly of limbs and perianal area, with perianal pain being rated most severe. The most effective pain relief occurred with opioids (100% major relief, n = 2) and tecovirimat (63% major relief, 25% moderate, n = 16). Patients were satisfied with care provided at the studied clinics, but had negative experiences at all other mentioned sites.
PDF
