► Review to study anthelmitics. ► Physicochemical properties, fate in the environment and ecotoxicity. ► Environmental levels of anthelmintics. ► Overview of analytical methodologies and sample ...preparation.
There has been a great effort made in recent years to study the fate, the occurrence and the ecotoxicology of emerging pollutants in the environment, with a particular emphasis on pharmaceuticals. Anthelmintics comprise a large sector of the animal pharmaceutical industry.
This article examines analytical methodologies for the analysis of anthelmintics and their transformation products (TPs) in the environment. It also gives a critical overview of the current knowledge on the fate and the ecotoxicology of anthelmintics and their TPs, if known.
A rapid method for quantitative determination of atrazine and simazine in honey samples was investigated. The procedure was based on the extraction of pesticides by sonication with benzene:water
=
...1:1 (v/v) mixture, thin-layer chromatographic separation and quantification by CAMAG Video Documentation system in conjunction with the Reprostar 3. The extraction procedure was optimized with regard to the amount of solvent, duration of sonication and the number of extraction steps. The apparent recovery of pesticides from honey was 92.3
±
2.4 for atrazine and 94.2
±
2.8 for simazine, when they were extracted in three steps for 20
min using 20
ml of solvent. Ultrasonic solvent extraction was compared with traditional shake-flask extraction method.
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease triggered by dysregulated immune response and characterized by hyperproliferation and altered differentiation of keratinocytes. Formation of psoriatic ...lesions is thought to be elicited by the complex cellular and cytokine network arising from the pathogenic interactions between keratinocytes and components of innate and acquired immune system. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogenous T‐cell lineage that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases including psoriasis. Due to the numerous functions of NKT cells that link innate and adaptive immunity, their role in psoriasis is complex and still elusive. We summarize the currently available literature data on this issue and discuss the possible role of NKT cells in the immunopathogenesis of this autoimmune disease.
Psoriasis is considered to be a cytokine-driven immune-mediated disease, although the cell cytotoxicity mechanisms involved remain unrecognized. Herein, we analyzed granulysin expression in different ...lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood of 40 psoriatic patients (20 with severe and 20 with mild psoriasis) and seven sample of psoriatic skin. The simultaneous detection of intracellular granulysin and cell surface antigens was performed using flow cytometry in peripheral blood and immunohistochemistry in skin lesions. The frequency of granulysin+ cells, mean fluorescence intensity for granulysin, and the frequency of CD8+ T lymphocytes, NK cells, and NKT cells expressing granulysin molecules in peripheral blood were significantly higher in patients with severe psoriasis compared to mild disease and healthy individuals. These were also correlated with disease severity. Furthermore, granulysin+ cells, CD8+granulysin+ T lymphocytes, and CD56+granulysin+ NK cells were present in a higher frequency in the epidermal basal cell layer and in the dermal infiltrate of lesional skin as compared to non-lesional and healthy skin. In conclusion, granulysin+ cytotoxic cells are upregulated in blood and lesions of patients with psoriasis suggesting the involvement of granulysin mediated cytotoxicity in psoriasis pathogenesis.
Summary
Background There are currently very few data regarding the role of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in psoriasis. Both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells mediate cytotoxicity ...reactions, mainly by two distinct pathways, the perforin/granzyme and the Fas/Fas ligand pathway.
Objectives To study the expression and distribution of perforin, T‐ and NK‐cell subsets in psoriatic lesional and nonlesional skin.
Methods Skin biopsy specimens from both lesional and nonlesional skin of 11 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and eight healthy controls were analysed by immunohistochemistry.
Results We found a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ cells in psoriatic lesions compared with nonlesional and healthy skin. The expression of CD16+ NK cells was significantly lower in lesions compared with healthy skin. Perforin expression was significantly enhanced in the epidermis of psoriatic lesions.
Conclusions Perforin expression is upregulated in the epidermis of psoriatic lesions, suggesting a potential role for perforin in the creation of the psoriatic plaque.
Purpose
H3K27M- and H3G34R-mutant gliomas are recently-classified subgroups of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) affecting younger adults. This study aimed to describe patterns of infiltration and failure, ...and the volumetric response of these tumours to radiotherapy.
Methods
Patients with histone-mutant gliomas aged 16–50 years, managed from 2009 to 2021 were identified and clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics collected. Tumour volume was assessed on MRI at diagnosis, pre-radiotherapy, month + 1, + 3 and + 5 post-radiation and at relapse.
Results
Of 538 IDH1/2 wild-type HGGs, 18(15%) had a histone alteration. Eleven were H3K27M- and 7 H3G34R-mutant respectively. Median age at diagnosis was 20 years (range17-48 years). Median overall survival was 20 months (95%CI 14-29 months). Both H3K27M- and H3G34R-mutant tumours exhibited extensive T2F infiltration involving a median of 4 neuroanatomical subsites at diagnosis.
Median volume of disease pre-radiotherapy on T1gd and T2F respectively was 0.5cm
3
(IQR:0–1.7cm
3
) and 11.9 cm
3
(IQR:7.5–29.6cm
3
) for H3K27M and 0.9cm
3
(IQR:0–8.4cm
3
) and 43.8cm
3
(IQR:25.2–86.6 cm
3
) for H3G34R tumours. T2F volume reduction > 50% was observed 3-months post-IMRT in 7(64%) patients with H3K27M and 1(14%) with H3G34R tumours.
Fourteen patients had relapsed. Relapse was local-only, distant-only and both in 4(44%), 3(33%) and 2(22%) H3K27M-mutant and 1(20%), 2(40%), and 2(40%) H3G34R-mutant tumours. On last scan before death, leptomeningeal spread was present in 4/8(50%) and 1/5(20%) and subependymal spread in 4/8 (50%) and 0/5 H3K27M- and G34R-mutant cases respectively.
Conclusion
H3K27M-mutant gliomas are highly responsive to radiotherapy but exhibit high propensity for subsequent leptomeningeal and subependymal spread. H3G34R-mutant tumours exhibit lesser early volumetric response to radiotherapy and propensity for distant in-brain failure.
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