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► The biological synthesis of Au Nps using citrus fruits juice extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. ► The size and shape of bio-synthesized Au NPs depends on the ...concentrations of the extract. ► The size of Au Nps varies in the order of techniques DLS>TEM>XRD.
This study reports the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the reduction of HAuCl4 by using citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata and Citrus sinensis) juice extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. A various shape and size of gold nanoparticles were formed when the ratio of the reactants were altered with respect to 1.0mM chloroauric acid solution. The gold nanoparticles obtained were characterized by UV–visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TEM studies showed the particles to be of various shapes and sizes and particle size ranges from 15 to 80nm. Selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern confirmed fcc phase and crystallinity of the particles. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the distinctive facets (111, 200, 220 and 222 planes) of gold nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies revealed that the average size for colloid gp3 of C. limon, C. reticulata and C. sinensis are 32.2nm, 43.4nm and 56.7nm respectively. The DLS graph showed that the particles size was larger and more polydispersed compared to the one observed by TEM due to the fact that the measured size also includes the bio-organic compounds enveloping the core of the Au NPs. Zeta potential value for gold nanoparticles obtained from colloid gp3 of C. limon, C. reticulata and C. sinensis are −45.9, −37.9 and −31.4 respectively indicating the stability of the synthesized nanoparticles. Herein we propose a novel, previously unexploited method for the biological syntheses of polymorphic gold nanoparticles with potent biological applications.
Gelatin is a promising material as scaffold with therapeutic and regenerative characteristics due to its chemical similarities to the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the native tissues, ...biocompatibility, biodegradability, low antigenicity, cost‐effectiveness, abundance, and accessible functional groups that allow facile chemical modifications with other biomaterials or biomolecules. Despite the advantages of gelatin, poor mechanical properties, sensitivity to enzymatic degradation, high viscosity, and reduced solubility in concentrated aqueous media have limited its applications and encouraged the development of gelatin‐based composite hydrogels. The drawbacks of gelatin may be surmounted by synergistically combining it with a wide range of polysaccharides. The addition of polysaccharides to gelatin is advantageous in mimicking the ECM, which largely contains proteoglycans or glycoproteins. Moreover, gelatin–polysaccharide biomaterials benefit from mechanical resilience, high stability, low thermal expansion, improved hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory properties, and wound healing potential. Here, we discuss how combining gelatin and polysaccharides provides a promising approach for developing superior therapeutic biomaterials. We review gelatin–polysaccharides scaffolds and their applications in cell culture and tissue engineering, providing an outlook for the future of this family of biomaterials as advanced natural therapeutics.
This study delved at how the natural substance dieckol (DCL) prevents prostate cancerous cells from proliferating and migrating by blocking the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in PC-3 cells. For numerous ...tests, the cells were treated to DCL at a range of concentrations (0-20 μM) for 24 h. DCL mediated cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay. To evaluate ROS, DCFH-DA staining was employed. Dual (AO/EtBr) staining was utilized to examine apoptotic changes, and MMP levels in PC-3 cells were examined using the appropriate fluorescent staining assays. By using flow cytometry and western blotting, the protein expressions of cell survival, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed. The results showed that DCL significantly cytotoxically affects PC-3, and the IC
was discovered to be 12 μM for 24 h exposure. Furthermore, after DCL treatment in PC-3, considerable ROS generation and increased apoptotic signals were detected. STAT3, JAK1, PCNA, and cyclins D1 and E1 are all suppressed by DCL in PC-3. In addition, DCL therapy in PC-3 dramatically increased pro-apoptotic proteins such Bax, caspase-3, and cytochrome C. Therefore, DCL has been regarded as a chemotherapeutic agent because to its ability to decrease the expression of proteins that control cell proliferation, including STAT3, JAK1, PCNA, and cyclins D1 and E1.
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•Gossypium hirsutum involved in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle and this AgNPs are potential in killing lung cancer cells. Further, AgNPs are effective in induction of ...mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and arrest the cell cycle at G2/M Phase.•Activated the apoptosis in human cancer cells by the mitochondria mediated pathways.•AgNPs showed impact on decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and increased expression of pro-apoptotic protein (Bax).•AgNPs is a potent anticancer agent via intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
In the past decade, the research communities raised wide concerns on using medicinal plants for synthesis of nanomaterials due to its effective biological activity, lower side effects and also eco-friendly manner. Our previous report concentrated on the biomedical efficacy of fine characterized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leaf extract. Further, the current examination is planned to reveal the molecular mechanisms involving for activation of mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway by AgNPs in human lung cancer cells (A549) using various biological endpoints such as apoptotic induction by HOECHST 33342, AO/EtBr and Rhodamine 123 staining, cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry, gene and protein expressions by RT-PCR and immunoblotting respectively. This study was further extended to identify the toxicity of AgNPs using an animal model. Interestingly, we observed that A549 cells treated with AgNPs resulted in G2/M arrest and ultimately leads to induction of apoptosis cell death. Moreover, gene analysis demonstrated that diminished expression of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and enhanced expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax) mitochondrial genes. The alterations in the gene pattern may interrupt of mitochondrial membrane potential which facilitates the releasing of cytochrome c (cyt c) into cytosol. The cyt c act as a key molecule for activation of caspases (9 and 3) to initiate intrinsic apoptotic signaling cell death process. The histological analysis proven the application of AgNPs in nanomedicine is quietly harmless and would not cause any discernible stress like swelling and inflammation to the organs of mice. Taken together, this investigation may provide solid evidence for cotton crop mediated AgNPs induced apoptosis cell death pathway and offer a novel approach for cancer therapy.
Cancer can be considered the result of a series of genetic variations that lead to a normal cell being transformed into a malignant one while avoiding cell death—atypical characteristics of tumor ...development. Although a large number of genomics and epigenetic alterations have been identified in cells undergoing apoptotic, autophagic or necrotic cell death, the treatment of cancer remains thought-provoking. Pyroptosis is differentiated from other types of programmed cell death and is mainly activated by Caspase-1. To initiate pyroptosis, cells receive specific “death” messages, produce cytokines, swell, burst, and ultimately die. The deficiency of Caspase-1 expression may lead to inflammation-mediated tumor progression. Hence, the molecular mechanisms for the Caspase-1 activation in tumor tissues are yet to be exploited extensively. This review aims to summarise the latest discoveries about pyroptosis and its new exciting role in inducing cancer cell death.
Efficient delivery of therapeutics into tumor cells to increase the intracellular drug concentration is one of the key issues in cancer therapy. In this work, we designed pH responsive PEGylated ...palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) as an anticancer drug nanocarrier system for effective drug delivery. The synthesis of the nanocarrier involved conjugation of doxorubicin (DOX) to the surface of PEGylated PdNPs via a hydrazone interaction. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, Fourier transmission Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The drug release behavior was subsequently studied at different pH conditions. The results showed a sustained release of DOX preferentially at the desired endosomal pH (5.5). The biological activity of the DOX conjugated PEGylated PdNPs was studied by an MTT assay, fluorescence microscopy, and apoptosis. Intracellular-uptake studies revealed preferential uptake of these NPs into HeLa cancer cells. The in vitro apoptosis study revealed that the DOX conjugated PEGylated PdNPs caused significant death to the HeLa cells. Further, blank PEGylated PdNPs displayed low toxicity and good biocompatibility. DOX conjugated PEGylated PdNPs had the strongest anti-tumor efficacy against HeLa tumor xenograft models in vivo. These findings demonstrated that PEGylated PdNPs were deemed as a potential drug nanocarrier for cancer therapy.
Currently, in clinics, breast cancer is treated with free chemotherapeutic drugs, as a result there is not much therapeutic effect in treated models, leading to substantial systemic toxicity. To ...overcome these critical problems for the primary outcome, we developed the formulated nanomaterial (FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs) aimed to specifically target cancer cells via nanoscopic-based drug delivery for getting better therapeutic effectiveness. In the present study, an isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine (BBR), was chosen as a cancer therapeutic agent, encapsulated on citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through electrostatic interactions (BBR-AgNPs). Then, BBR-AgNPs were conjugated with polyethylene glycol-functionalized folic acid (FA-PEG) via hydrogen bonding interactions (FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs). The transmission electron microscopy study shows the cellular invasion of the formulated FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs, indicating the accretion of the nanomaterial at the tumor-specific site. Hence, FA conjugated with the nanomaterial suggests an efficient release of BBR molecules into the specific cancer site. Consequently, the results showed an increase in apoptotic induction via reactive oxygen species and condensed nuclei in cancer cells. Moreover, the western blotting analysis shows reduced/increased expression of PI3K, AKT, Ras, Raf, ERK, VEGF, HIF1α, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3, thereby enhancing apoptosis. Likewise, the in vivo antitumor efficiency of FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs showed a significant restraint of tumor progression, and histopathological observations of lung, liver, kidney, heart, and brain tissues proved lesser toxicity of FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs. Thus, the successfully formulated nanomaterial can serve as a potential drug-discharging vehicle to combat cancer cells by a molecular-based targeting approach.
The cargo-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with convenient surface modification can facilitate the development of the innovative nanodrug system. Herein, the present investigation ...described the electrostatically self-assembled MSNs as a nanosized drug carrier to realize potent synergistic chemotherapy based on the specificity in targeting cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells. In this context, the primarily constructed MSNs were subjected with anticancer drug topotecan (TPT) into its large pores. Then, the selective TAT peptide (a nuclear localization signal peptide) was anchored onto TPT-loaded MSNs (TPT-MSN). Subsequently, the positive surface of TPT-MSN-TAT was capped with negatively charged components, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-cRGD peptide and citraconic anhydride (CAH)-metformin (MT), and acted as a smart gatekeeper. Comparatively, PAA-cRGD attached onto MSNs serving as the targeted molecules could upsurge by invasion into cancer cells. Interestingly, the acidic pH of the lysosomal compartment in tumor cells triggers the conjugated CAH from the polymer decorated mesoporous silica (PMS) nanocomposite and could efficiently release MT into the cytoplasm. Consequently, the remaining TPT-MSN-TAT efficiently targets the nucleus and delivers the TPT to improve synergistic chemotherapeutic effects. The precisely released drugs were individually enhanced in the in vitro and in vivo cell killing efficiencies. Thus, the study provides a potential drug delivery podium through combined drugs to realize cancer cell targeting approach.
The focal aim of the study was to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the leaf extract of Goniothalamus wightii (Gw) and determine the potential bio-applications. The presence of ...biosynthesized Gw-AgNPs and composition was confirmed by UV visible spectroscopy, and XRD analysis. The FT-IR spectrum was used to confirm the existence of different functional groups that act as capping and reducing agents. Zeta revealed the surface negative charge, and HR-TEM confirmed the spherical form of the Gw-AgNPs. The anti-bacterial activity was tested on four pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus and Escherichia coli, exhibits a strong toxic activity against microorganism and the results recorded that Gw-AgNPs could be a promising antioxidant agent. The Gw-AgNPs against MCF-7 cells is about 50% and holds at 40 µg/mL in 24 h and 60 µg/mL in 48 h. The larvicidal activity of Gw-AgNPs at various concentrations against fourth instar larvae treated, had the highest mortality rate in Aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (83.33%) 25 mg/L for 48 h and the environmental effects of photocatalytic degradation activities against methylene blue and highest degradation was observed at 98% within 150 min. Overall the results of the study established that the importance of Gw-AgNPs and could be used as potent disruptive bio-material for biomedical and pharma-industrial applications.
Marine macroalgae consist of a range of bioactive molecules exhibiting different biological activities, and many of these properties are attributed to sulfated polysaccharides, fucoxanthin, ...phycobiliproteins, and halogenated compounds. In this study, a glycoprotein (GLP) with a molecular mass of ∼48 kDa was extracted and purified from Codium decorticatum and investigated for its cytotoxic properties against human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The IC50 values of GLP against MDA-MB-231 and normal breast HBL-100 cells (control) were 75 ± 0.23 μg/mL (IC25), 55 ± 0.32 μg/mL (IC50), and 30 ± 0.43 μg/mL (IC75) and 90 ± 0.57 μg/mL (IC25), 80 ± 0.48 μg/mL (IC50), and 60 ± 0.26 μg/mL (IC75), respectively. Chromatin condensation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage studies showed that the GLP inhibited cell viability by inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Induction of mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway by GLP was evidenced by the events of loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), bax/bcl-2 dysregulation, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspases 3 and 9. Apoptosis-associated factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and loss of ΔΨm were evaluated by DCFH-DA staining and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell cycle arrest of G2/M phase and expression of apoptosis associated proteins were determined using flow cytometry and Western blotting, respectively.
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