The appropriate configuration of marine reserves for maximizing harvests or ensuring species persistence when there is uncertainty or variability in larval dispersal patterns is not completely ...understood. This is particularly true in environments with large alongshore advection rates, as the success of a system of marine reserves depends on connectivity through larval and/or adult dispersal between adjacent marine reserves. In this paper, the consequences of alongshore advection in the presence of marine reserves for a fish species with sedentary adults and widely dispersing larvae are examined. First, a uniform configuration of reserves with constant alongshore advection rate is considered. The highest overall catch and recruitment rates occur when the spacing between reserves is precisely tuned to the advection distance. When the alongshore advection distance is allowed to vary in time, catch and recruitment are considerably less sensitive to alongshore advection. At small diffusion distances, catch values differ from what would be predicted from the time-averaged larval dispersal pattern due to density-dependent post-settlement effects. It is important to include short time scale settlement variability in marine reserve models under these conditions. When the spacing between reserves is allowed to vary, the tuning of the system to particular advection distances is less precise. Configurations of marine reserves with a variety of spacings between reserves exhibited more uniform catch levels as a function of advection distance. This suggests that variability in the spacing between reserves is desirable for protecting a diverse group of species with different dispersal patterns.
Food is a challenging subject. There is little consensus about how and what we should produce and consume. It is not even clear what food is or whether people have similar experiences of it. On one ...hand, food is recognized as a basic need, if not a basic right. On the other hand, it is hard to generalize about it given the wide range of practices and cuisines, and the even wider range of tastes. This book is an introduction to the philosophical dimensions of food. David M. Kaplan examines the nature and meaning of food, how we experience it, the social role it plays, its moral and political dimensions, and how we judge it to be delicious or awful. He shows how the different branches of philosophy contribute to a broader understanding of food: what food is (metaphysics), how we experience food (epistemology), what taste in food is (aesthetics), how we should make and eat food (ethics), how governments should regulate food (political philosophy), and why food matters to us (existentialism). Kaplan embarks on a series of philosophical investigations, considering topics such as culinary identity and authenticity, tasting and food criticism, appetite and disgust, meat eating and techno-foods, and consumerism and conformity. He emphasizes how different narratives help us navigate the complex world of food—yet we all have responsibilities to ourselves, to others, and to animals. An original treatment of a timely subject, Food Philosophy is suitable for undergraduates while making a significant contribution to scholarly debates.
Though marine protected areas (MPAs) have recently become a central element of many marine resource management plans, the potentially negative effects of MPAs for fisheries harvests remain the major ...impediment to their use. Understanding population responses to implementation of MPAs, and their consequences for harvests, is essential to assessing the value of MPAs as a management tool. Here I use a simple model to link what we know best about marine species, namely how fast they grow and how much they reproduce, with what we want to know, namely what will be the effects of spatial management efforts. Specifically, I show that whether maximum sustainable yield (MSY) or yield at fixed total recruitment increases with MPAs can be determined by an intuitive equation comparing the change in average individual biomass (i.e. harvestable material) with the change in individual lifetime reproduction due to increasing reserve area. Application of this model to different population structures demonstrates that initial MPA results indicating MSY would be unchanged with reserves for species with simple life-histories do not hold up for species for which biomass, reproduction or mortality vary with age. This explains many negative MPA results from age-structured models of optimally exploited species. On the other hand, the model predicts that species harvested later in life, and which begin reproduction after first harvest, may benefit from MPAs. Nevertheless, for these increases to occur, the age at first reproduction must in general be a considerable time after the age at first harvest.
Two high‐frequency radar stations (CODAR) were installed along the northern California coast in May 2001. Comparisons of radar data with acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) current data and ...near‐surface drifter tracks indicate considerable agreement, with minimum RMS differences of order 0.05–0.15 m/s and average drifter‐HF‐radar track separation rates of 5 ± 3 km/d. Radar data resolve the three main sources of intraseasonal current variability in the area: (1) upwelling/relaxation dynamics, (2) tidal and diurnal forcing, and (3) inertial currents. Subtidal fluctuations are the largest component of variability, accounting for 45–75% of the variance. Wind‐driven dynamics are the dominant source of this subtidal variability (67% of subtidal variability). Both upwelling and relaxation periods exhibit consistent patterns of surface velocity, with nearshore currents being slower and more poleward than offshore currents, which are strongly equatorward. Analysis of tidal and inertial variability indicate that current fluctuations are polarized toward clockwise rotation and are generally weaker and more linearly polarized near the coast. M2 tidal current ellipses switch direction of rotation at the shelf break, suggesting the presence of internal tidal waves. Currents in all frequency bands are deflected and accelerated around Pt. Reyes, and there are indications of increased current variability and changes in flow direction near Cordell Bank. The presence of considerable cross‐shore and alongshore gradients in the strength and direction of surface flow patterns, and in particular weak poleward currents over the inner shelf, could have important consequences for plankton retention in the area.
The existence of tenure exerts opposing forces on the careers of academics. Ideally, tenure ensures academic freedom and individual autonomy. Yet tenure also regiments the lives of those on the ...tenure-track and often creates inertia for individuals once receiving it. Consequently, academic careers can be characterized as either boundaried or boundaryless, depending on the individual. This article develops a typology of four academic career types that identifies what differentiates tenure-track individuals who perceive themselves as having either boundaried or boundaryless careers in academia. The typology was developed using interview data from business school faculty, and then confirmed using qualitative data including faculty from multiple academic departments and disciplines. Finally, the typology makes its contribution to career theory by considering the additional impact of career stage theory for academics.
The purpose of this article is to describe the diagnostic evaluation and surgical approaches to parapharyngeal space tumors in a tertiary referral center.
The study is a retrospective review of 47 ...patients diagnosed with tumors of the parapharyngeal space (12 with malignant diseases and 35 with benign lesions) and surgically treated during a 10-year period. The transcervical (40%) and the transcervical-transparotid approaches (46%) were the most commonly performed surgical procedures followed by the orbitozygomatic-middle fossa approach (12%) and the transmandibular approach (2%).
The surgical procedures were uneventful and there were no postoperative mortalities. Complications were rare; the most common was transient facial nerve paralysis (5 patients). After an average follow-up of 35 months, only 1 of 35 patients with benign diseases had a recurrence 5 years following transcervical resection of a pleomorphic adenoma. Of 12 patients with malignant tumors, 5 (42%) are alive with no evidence of disease. The sensitivity of preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy (n = 23 patients) was 87% for detection of malignant disease and specificity was 100%.
Most benign parapharyngeal space tumors can be removed surgically with a low rate of complications and recurrence. Malignant neoplasms, however, carry an ominous prognosis and a low rate of disease-free survival. Fine needle aspiration may be helpful in preoperative diagnostic evaluation of patients with parapharyngeal space tumors.
New techniques in quantitative imaging are needed to accelerate understanding of brain development and function in children. In this study we evaluate the reliability and validity of an automated ...parcellation method for the measurement of large and small brain regions in normal and developmentally disabled children. We utilized an adaptation of the Talairach atlas to semi-automatically quantify brain volumes from 10 children with fragile X syndrome, 10 age- and gender-matched controls and 10 adult controls comparing them to ‘gold standard’ manually delineated regions. Excellent sensitivity, specificity, intra-class correlation and positive predictive value were achieved for large structures although results were less satisfactory for smaller structures, illustrating the limits of resolution of the method. Statistically significant differences in regional brain volumes were shown between males and females, children and adults, and individuals with fragile X and matched controls. This study demonstrates an automated method which rapidly and accurately quantifies large neuroanatomical structures, but not smaller structures. This method is sufficiently accurate to demonstrate some known anatomical differences in individuals with fragile X; the results suggest that this method could be applied to the assessment of brain volume in other neurodevelopmental disabilities.
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