An experiment to determine the chemical composition and protein quality of 13 fish substrates (pollock by-products, n = 5; fish protein hydrolysates, n = 5; and fish meals, n = 3) was conducted. Two ...of these substrates, salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) and salmon meal with crushed bones (SMB), were used to determine their palatability as components of dog diets. Pollock by-products differed in concentrations of CP, crude fat, and total AA by 71, 79, and 71%, respectively, and GE by 4.1 kcal/g. Fish protein hydrolysates and fish meals were less variable (approximately 18, 14, and 17%, and 1.4 kcal/g, respectively). Biogenic amine concentrations were much higher in fish protein hydrolysates as compared with pollock by-products and fish meals. Pollock liver and viscera had the highest total fatty acid concentrations; however, red salmon hydrolysate and SMB had the highest total PUFA concentrations (49.63 and 48.60 mg/g, respectively). Salmon protein hydrolysate had the highest protein solubility in 0.2% KOH. Based on calculations using immobilized digestive enzyme assay values, lysine digestibility of fish meal substrates was comparable to in vivo cecectomized rooster assay values and averaged approximately 90.3%. Also, pollock milt, pollock viscera, red salmon hydrolysate, and sole hydrolysate had comparable values as assessed by immobilized digestive enzyme assay and rooster assays. A chick protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay compared SMB and SPH to a whole egg meal control and showed that SMB had high protein quality (PER = 3.5), whereas SPH had poor protein quality (PER value less than 1.5). However, using whole egg meal as the reference protein, both fish substrates were found to be good protein sources with an essential AA index of 1.0 and 0.9 for SMB and SPH, respectively. In the dog palatability experiments, a chicken-based control diet and 2 diets containing 10% of either SPH or SMB were tested. Dogs consumed more of the SPH diet compared with the control, and similar amounts of the SMB and control diets. The intake ratios for each were 0.73 and 0.52, respectively. Salmon protein hydrolysate was especially palatable to dogs. These data suggest that chemical composition and nutritional quality of fish substrates differ greatly and are affected by the specific part of the fish used to prepare fish meals and fish protein hydrolysates.
Soybeans (SBs) were obtained from five leading SB-producing countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, and the United States), imported to the United States, and processed into soybean meal (SBM) ...under uniform conditions in the United States. SBs from China had the highest crude protein (CP) content while SBs and the resultant SBM from Argentina had the lowest. Additional differences in the quality of the SB and resultant SBM samples collected were noted. An additional set of SBM produced in these five countries and subjectively evaluated to be of low, intermediate, and high quality also were obtained and evaluated. Overall, SBM quality affected amino acid and mineral concentrations with differences existing both among and within countries. SBM produced in the United States had a higher CP content than SBM produced in other countries. Amino acid concentrations generally increased, and antinutritional factors decreased with increasing subjective quality assessment. Keywords: International; soybeans; soybean meals; protein quality
Growing conditions and processing technologies to which soybeans (SB) are exposed have an effect on digestibilities of AA found in the resultant soybean meals (SBM). This study evaluated SBM from ...five major SB-producing countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, and the United States). An industry representative in each country collected samples of unprocessed SB and SBM subjectively determined to be of high, intermediate, or low quality. The SB from each country were processed into SBM under uniform conditions in the United States. Five experiments (each examining the three SBM and the SB processed in the United States from a single country) were conducted to determine true ileal AAd digestibilities. In addition, a standard SBM purchased on the open market in the United States was used in all experiments as a control. Data from pigs fed a low-protein casein diet in each study were used to calculate true AA digestibilities. Pigs were fitted with simple T-cannulas at the terminal ileum and allotted to treatments in Latin square design experiments. Duplicate experiments were conducted at the University of Illinois and at The Ohio State University. Within each country comparison, pigs fed the SBM processed in the U.S. from SB grown in the five countries had lower (P < 0.05) true total amino acid (TAA) digestibilities than did pigs fed any of the SBM prepared within the country of origin, except the United States. This indicates that processing conditions used at the U.S. pilot plant were not ideal when using SB from other countries. True TAA digestibilities of the diets containing the high-, intermediate-, and low-quality SBM did not differ, except for China, where the low-quality SBM (83.5%) had a lower (P < 0.05) digestibility than the intermediate- (89.6%) or high- (89.0%) quality meals. Soybean meal produced in Argentina (average, 87%) and Brazil (average, 82%) had lower (P < 0.05) true TAA digestibilities than did the standard SBM (91%), indicating that the processing plants in those countries may produce a less digestible SBM than that available on the open market in the United States.
This study compared standard finishing diets with or without tylosin phosphate at an industry standard roughage concentration, as well as titrated roughage concentrations in finishing diets ...containing no tylosin.
Beef steers (initial BW = 387 ± 14.2 kg; n = 3,340) were used in a randomized complete block design with 12 pens/treatment and 65 or 70 steers per pen. Dietary treatments were (1) 7.0% corn stalks with tylosin (7TYL), (2) 7.0% corn stalks without tylosin (7NT), (3) 13.0% corn stalks without tylosin (13NT), or (4) 19.0% corn stalks without tylosin (19NT). Corn stalks replaced steam-flaked corn on a DM basis.
Increased corn stalks linearly increased DMI. Increased corn stalks linearly reduced final BW and ADG, and resulted in poorer G:F. Hot carcass weight was similar between 7TYL and 7NT; however, hot carcass weight (HCW) linearly decreased as corn stalk inclusion increased. Tylosin inclusion resulted in a 32% reduction in liver abscess prevalence (from 19% to 13%). Liver abscess prevalence decreased linearly with increased corn stalks; tylosin use reduced adhered livers, whereas increased corn stalks did not.
Replacing steamflaked corn with 13% or 19% inclusion of corn stalks in diets without tylosin phosphate could reduce liver abscess prevalence, but increased roughage may not decrease the severity of the liver abscesses. Importantly, decreased dietary energy density led to increased DMI and reduced HCW in cattle fed to the same days on feed.
Prior work proposed a shortened version of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a commonly used quantitative measure of social communication traits. We used data from 3031 participants (including ...190 ASD cases) from the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program to compare distributional properties and criterion validity of 16-item “short” to 65-item “full” SRS scores. Results demonstrated highly overlapping distributions of short and full scores. Both scores separated case from non-case individuals by approximately two standard deviations. ASD prediction was nearly identical for short and full scores (area under the curve values of 0.87, 0.86 respectively). Findings support comparability of shortened and full scores, suggesting opportunities to increase efficiency. Future work should confirm additional psychometric properties of short scores.
A bacterial marker can be used to determine the portion of fecal N that is of bacterial origin, as well as the effect of dietary factors on the bacterial N in feces of the dog. Two experiments were ...conducted to determine the efficacy of diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and purines as bacterial markers in dogs. In Exp. 1, five adult female dogs were fed the same commercial diet. In Exp. 2, 50 dogs were fed one of four test diets (as-fed basis): a prebiotic-free control or diets containing either 1% chicory, 1% mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), or 1% chicory plus 1% MOS. Fresh feces were collected in both experiments and used to isolate a bacteria-rich sample (BRS) by differential centrifugation. In Exp. 1, the BRS had a N:purine ratio of 0.66 and N:DAPA ratio of 18.9. The CV for the N:purine ratio (20.7%) was much higher than that for the N:DAPA ratio (6.1%), indicating that DAPA resulted in a less variable estimate of fecal bacterial N. Using either marker, approximately 50% of the fecal N was estimated to be of bacterial origin. In Exp. 2, the N:DAPA ratio of the BRS did not differ (P = 0.14) among treatments. The BRS from dogs fed prebiotic-containing diets had treatment averages for N:DAPA ratios ranging from 16.9 to 18.5, whereas BRS from dogs fed the control diet had a ratio of 15.9. Averaged across all dogs, approximately 46% of fecal N was of bacterial origin. When calculating fecal bacterial concentrations using the average N:DAPA ratio for all dogs, little difference existed in the estimation compared with using individual values. The value resulting from use of the average ratio was approximately 13% higher than when using the individual ratios for dogs fed the control diet, which was due to the lower N:DAPA ratio for dogs fed the control diet compared with dogs fed the other treatments. Based on the consistency of the N:DAPA ratio of the BRS, DAPA seems to be a suitable marker for estimation of bacterial N in the feces of dogs.
This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of selected soybean (SB) processing byproducts (gums, oil, soapstock, weeds/trash) when added back to soybean meal (SBM) during processing on the ...resulting nutrient composition, protein quality, nutrient digestibility by swine, and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) content and standardized AA digestibility by poultry. To measure ileal DM and nutrient digestibility, pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The concentration of TMEn and the standardized AA digestibility by poultry were determined using the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Treatments in the swine experiment included SBM with no by-products; SBM with 1% gum; SBM with 3% gum; SBM with 0.5% soapstock; SBM with 1.5% soapstock; SBM with 2% weeds/trash; SBM with a combination of 3% gum, 1.5% soapstock, and 2% weeds/trash; SBM with 5.4% soybean oil; and roasted SB. A 10 x 10 Latin square design was utilized. The experiment was conducted at the University of Illinois, Ur-bana-Champaign, and at The Ohio State University, Columbus. In the swine experiment, apparent ileal DM, OM, CP, and AA digestibilities were reduced (P < 0.05) when pigs consumed the combination by-product diet compared with the diet containing no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, CP, and total essential, total nonessential, and total AA were lower (P < 0.05) for any diet containing by-products compared with the diet with no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and AA were lower (P < 0.05) for the roasted SB-compared with the SB oil-containing diet. In the rooster experiment, TMEn values were greater (P < 0.05) for roasted SB compared with SBM with no by-products and increased linearly as the addition of soapstock increased. Individual, total essential, total nonessential, and total AA digestibilities were lower (P < 0.05) for roosters fed roasted SB versus SBM devoid of by-products. Gums, soapstock, and weeds/trash reduce the nutritive value of the resultant meal when they are added back during processing.
Collaborative learning methods are increasing in popularity as a way of improving student performance and involvement in undergraduate courses. For this study, a group quiz format was used in an to ...attempt to improve course grades and engagement in an introductory meat science course. Six group quizzes and six individual quizzes were taken by 70 students during two semesters of the course. For group quizzes, students were randomly assigned to groups of three to four students and given ten minutes to complete the quiz individually followed by three minutes to discuss the quiz and change answers. At the end of the semester, students completed a Likert item questionnaire concerning their opinions on the quiz format. The average scores were not different between the two quiz types in both semesters. Group quizzes also did not improve exam scores or overall course grades for the students. Even though average performance was not improved, students highly preferred the group quizzes to the individual quizzes and valued the exercise.
The pool of persistent objects for LHC (POOL) project, part of the large Hadron collider (LHC) computing grid (LCG), is now entering its third year of active development. POOL provides the baseline ...persistency framework for three LHC experiments. It is based on a strict component model, insulating experiment software from a variety of storage technologies. This paper gives a brief overview of the POOL architecture, its main design principles and the experience gained with integration into LHC experiment frameworks. It also presents recent developments in the POOL works areas of relational database abstraction and object storage into relational database management systems (RDBMS) systems
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