Abstract
We analyze the rest-frame near-UV and optical nebular spectra of three
z
> 7 galaxies from the Early Release Observations taken with the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James ...Webb Space Telescope (JWST). These three high-
z
galaxies show the detection of several strong emission nebular lines, including the temperature-sensitive O
iii
λ
4363 line, allowing us to directly determine the nebular conditions and abundances for O/H, C/O, and Ne/O. We derive O/H abundances and ionization parameters that are generally consistent with other recent analyses. We analyze the mass–metallicity relationship (i.e., slope) and its redshift evolution by comparing between the three
z
> 7 galaxies and local star-forming galaxies. We also detect the C
iii
λλ
1907, 1909 emission in a
z
> 8 galaxy from which we determine the most distant C/O abundance to date. This valuable detection of log(C/O) = −0.83 ± 0.38 provides the first test of C/O redshift evolution out to high redshift. For neon, we use the high-ionization Ne
iii
λ
3869 line to measure the first Ne/O abundances at
z
> 7, finding no evolution in this
α
-element ratio. We explore the tentative detection of Fe
ii
and Fe
iii
lines in a
z
> 8 galaxy, which would indicate a rapid buildup of metals. Importantly, we demonstrate that properly flux-calibrated and higher-S/N spectra are crucial to robustly determine the abundance pattern in
z
> 7 galaxies with NIRSpec/JWST.
ABSTRACT
We reliably extend the stellar mass–size relation over 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 to low stellar mass galaxies by combining the depth of Hubble Frontier Fields with the large volume covered by CANDELS. ...Galaxies are simultaneously modelled in multiple bands using the tools developed by the MegaMorph project, allowing robust size (i.e. half-light radius) estimates even for small, faint, and high redshift galaxies. We show that above 107 M⊙, star-forming galaxies are well represented by a single power law on the mass–size plane over our entire redshift range. Conversely, the stellar mass–size relation is steep for quiescent galaxies with stellar masses $\ge 10^{10.3}\, {\rm M}_\odot$ and flattens at lower masses, regardless of whether quiescence is selected based on star-formation activity, rest-frame colours, or structural characteristics. This flattening occurs at sizes of ∼1 kpc at z ≤ 1. As a result, a double power law is preferred for the stellar mass–size relation of quiescent galaxies, at least above 10$^7\, {\rm M}_\odot$. We find no strong redshift dependence in the slope of the relation of star-forming galaxies as well as of high mass quiescent galaxies. We also show that star-forming galaxies with stellar masses $\ge 10^{9.5}\, {\rm M}_\odot$ and quiescent galaxies with stellar masses $\ge 10^{10.3}\, {\rm M}_\odot$ have undergone significant size growth since z ∼ 2, as expected; however, low mass galaxies have not. Finally, we supplement our data with predominantly quiescent dwarf galaxies from the core of the Fornax cluster, showing that the stellar mass–size relation is continuous below 10$^7\, {\rm M}_\odot$, but a more complicated functional form is necessary to describe the relation.
Correlations between the mass of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) and the properties of its host galaxy (e.g., total stellar mass M*, luminosity Lhost) suggest an evolutionary connection. A powerful ...test of a coevolution scenario is to measure the relations BH -Lhost and BH -M* at high redshift and compare with local estimates. For this purpose, we acquired Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging with WFC3 of 32 X-ray-selected broad-line (type 1) active galactic nuclei at 1.2 < z < 1.7 in deep survey fields. By applying state-of-the-art tools to decompose the HST images including available ACS data, we measured the host galaxy luminosity and stellar mass along with other properties through the two-dimensional model fitting. The black hole mass ( BH ) was determined using the broad H line, detected in the near-infrared with the Subaru Fiber Multi-Object Spectrograph, which potentially minimizes systematic effects using other indicators. We find that the observed ratio of BH to total M* is 2.7× larger at z ∼ 1.5 than in the local universe, while the scatter is equivalent between the two epochs. A nonevolving mass ratio is consistent with the data at the 2 -3 confidence level when accounting for selection effects (estimated using two independent and complementary methods) and their uncertainties. The relationship between BH and host galaxy total luminosity paints a similar picture. Therefore, our results cannot distinguish whether SMBHs and their total host stellar mass and luminosity proceed in lockstep or whether the growth of the former somewhat overshoots the latter, given the uncertainties. Based on a statistical estimate of the bulge-to-total mass fraction, the ratio BH /M*,bulge is offset from the local value by a factor of ∼7, which is significant even accounting for selection effects. Taken together, these observations are consistent with a scenario in which stellar mass is subsequently transferred from an angular momentum-supported component of the galaxy to a pressure-supported one through secular processes or minor mergers at a faster rate than mass accretion onto the SMBH.
We use the deep CANDELS observations in the GOODS North and South fields to revisit the correlations between stellar mass (M*), star formation rate (SFR) and morphology, and to introduce a fourth ...dimension, the mass-weighted stellar age, in galaxies at . We do this by making new measures of M*, SFR, and stellar age thanks to an improved SED fitting procedure that allows various star formation history for each galaxy. Like others, we find that the slope of the main sequence (MS) of star formation in the plane bends at high mass. We observe clear morphological differences among galaxies across the MS, which also correlate with stellar age. At all redshifts, galaxies that are quenching or quenched, and thus old, have high (the projected density within the central 1 kpc), while younger, star-forming galaxies span a much broader range of , which includes the high values observed for quenched galaxies, but also extends to much lower values. As galaxies age and quench, the stellar age and the dispersion of for fixed values of M* shows two different regimes: one at the low-mass end, where quenching might be driven by causes external to the galaxies; the other at the high-mass end, where quenching is driven by internal causes, very likely the mass given the low scatter of (mass quenching). We suggest that the monotonic increase of central density as galaxies grow is one manifestation of a more general phenomenon of structural transformation that galaxies undergo as they evolve.
Abstract
We present a catalog of about 25,000 images of massive (
M
⋆
≥ 10
9
M
⊙
) galaxies at redshifts 3 ≤
z
≤ 6 from the TNG50 cosmological simulation, tailored for observations at multiple ...wavelengths carried out with JWST. The synthetic images were created with the SKIRT radiative transfer code, including the effects of dust attenuation and scattering. The noiseless images were processed with the
mirage
simulator to mimic the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) observational strategy (e.g., noise, dithering pattern, etc.) of the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey. In this paper, we analyse the predictions of the TNG50 simulation for the size evolution of galaxies at 3 ≤
z
≤ 6 and the expectations for CEERS to probe that evolution. In particular, we investigate how sizes depend on the wavelength, redshift, mass, and angular resolution of the images. We find that the effective radius accurately describes the three-dimensional half-mass–radius of the TNG50 galaxies. Sizes observed at 2
μ
m are consistent with those measured at 3.56
μ
m at all redshifts and masses. At all masses, the population of higher-
z
galaxies is more compact than their lower-
z
counterparts. However, the intrinsic sizes are smaller than the mock observed sizes for the most massive galaxies, especially at
z
≲ 4. This discrepancy between the mass and light distributions may point to a transition in the galaxy morphology at
z
= 4–5, where massive compact systems start to develop more extended stellar structures.
22
22
Data publicly released at
https://www.tng-project.org/costantin22
.
Abstract
Faint star-forming galaxies at
z
∼ 2–3 can be used as alternative background sources to probe the Ly
α
forest in addition to quasars, yielding high sightline densities that enable 3D ...tomographic reconstruction of the foreground absorption field. Here, we present the first data release from the COSMOS Ly
α
Mapping And Tomography Observations (CLAMATO) Survey, which was conducted with the LRIS spectrograph on the Keck I telescope. Over an observational footprint of 0.157 deg
2
within the COSMOS field, we used 240 galaxies and quasars at 2.17 <
z
< 3.00, with a mean comoving transverse separation of
, as background sources probing the foreground Ly
α
forest absorption at 2.05 <
z
< 2.55. The Ly
α
forest data was then used to create a Wiener-filtered tomographic reconstruction over a comoving volume of
with an effective smoothing scale of
. In addition to traditional figures, this map is also presented as a virtual-reality visualization and manipulable interactive figure. We see large overdensities and underdensities that visually agree with the distribution of coeval galaxies from spectroscopic redshift surveys in the same field, including overdensities associated with several recently discovered galaxy protoclusters in the volume. Quantitatively, the map signal-to-noise is
over a 3
h
−1
Mpc top-hat kernel based on the variances estimated from the Wiener filter. This data release includes the redshift catalog, reduced spectra, extracted Ly
α
forest pixel data, and reconstructed tomographic map of the absorption. These can be downloaded from Zenodo (
10.5281/zenodo.1292459
).
Abstract
We present an investigation into the first 500 Myr of galaxy evolution from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey. CEERS, one of 13 JWST ERS programs, targets galaxy ...formation from
z
∼ 0.5 to >10 using several imaging and spectroscopic modes. We make use of the first epoch of CEERS NIRCam imaging, spanning 35.5 arcmin
2
, to search for candidate galaxies at
z
> 9. Following a detailed data reduction process implementing several custom steps to produce high-quality reduced images, we perform multiband photometry across seven NIRCam broad- and medium-band (and six Hubble broadband) filters focusing on robust colors and accurate total fluxes. We measure photometric redshifts and devise a robust set of selection criteria to identify a sample of 26 galaxy candidates at
z
∼ 9–16. These objects are compact with a median half-light radius of ∼0.5 kpc. We present an early estimate of the
z
∼ 11 rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function, finding that the number density of galaxies at
M
UV
∼ −20 appears to evolve very little from
z
∼ 9 to 11. We also find that the abundance (surface density arcmin
−2
) of our candidates exceeds nearly all theoretical predictions. We explore potential implications, including that at
z
> 10, star formation may be dominated by top-heavy initial mass functions, which would result in an increased ratio of UV light per unit halo mass, though a complete lack of dust attenuation and/or changing star formation physics may also play a role. While spectroscopic confirmation of these sources is urgently required, our results suggest that the deeper views to come with JWST should yield prolific samples of ultrahigh-redshift galaxies with which to further explore these conclusions.
Recent studies have found a significant evolution and scatter in the relationship between the UV spectral slope (βUV) and the infrared excess (IRX; LIR/LUV) at z > 4, suggesting different dust ...properties of these galaxies. The total far-infrared (FIR) luminosity is key for this analysis, but it is poorly constrained in normal (main-sequence) star-forming z > 5 galaxies, where often only one single FIR point is available. To better inform estimates of the FIR luminosity, we construct a sample of local galaxies and three low-redshift analogues of z > 5 systems. The trends in this sample suggest that normal high-redshift galaxies have a warmer infrared (IR) spectral energy distribution (SED) compared to average z < 4 galaxies that are used as priors in these studies. The blueshifted peak and mid-IR excess emission could be explained by a combination of a larger fraction of metal-poor interstellar medium being optically thin to ultraviolet (UV) light and a stronger UV radiation field due to high star formation densities. Assuming a maximally warm IR SED suggests a 0.6 dex increase in total FIR luminosities, which removes some tension between the dust attenuation models and observations of the IRX−β relation at z > 5. Despite this, some galaxies still fall below the minimum IRX−β relation derived with standard dust cloud models. We propose that radiation pressure in these highly star-forming galaxies causes a spatial offset between dust clouds and young star-forming regions within the lifetime of O/B stars. These offsets change the radiation balance and create viewing-angle effects that can change UV colors at fixed IRX. We provide a modified model that can explain the location of these galaxies on the IRX−β diagram.
Abstract
Spectroscopic studies of extreme-ionization galaxies (EIGs) are critical to our understanding of exotic systems throughout cosmic time. These EIGs exhibit spectral features requiring >54.42 ...eV photons: the energy needed to ionize helium into He
2+
fully and emit He
ii
recombination lines. Spectroscopic studies of EIGs can probe exotic stellar populations or accretion onto intermediate-mass black holes (∼10
2
–10
5
M
⊙
), which are the possibly key contributors to the reionization of the Universe. To facilitate the use of EIGs as probes of high-ionization systems, we focus on ratios constructed from several rest-frame UV/optical emission lines: O
iii
λ
5008, H
β
, Ne
iii
λ
3870, O
ii
λ
λ
3727, 3729, and Ne
v
λ
3427. These lines probe the relative intensity at energies of 35.12, 13.62, 40.96, 13.62, and 97.12 eV, respectively, covering a wider range of ionization than traced by other common rest-frame UV/optical techniques. We use the ratios of these lines (Ne
v
/Ne
iii
≡ Ne53, O
iii
/H
β
, and Ne
iii
/O
ii
), which are nearby in wavelength, mitigating the effects of dust attenuation and uncertainties in flux calibration. We make predictions from photoionization models constructed from
Cloudy
that use a broad range of stellar populations and black hole accretion models to explore the sensitivity of these line ratios to changes in the ionizing spectrum. We compare our models to observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and JWST of galaxies with strong high-ionization emission lines at
z
∼ 0,
z
∼ 2, and 5 <
z
< 8.5. We show that the Ne53 ratio can separate galaxies with ionization from “normal” stellar populations from those with active galactic nuclei and even “exotic” Population III models. We introduce new selection methods to identify galaxies with photoionization driven by Population III stars or intermediate-mass black hole accretion disks that could be identified in upcoming high-redshift spectroscopic surveys.
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