The study of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) can be very important for the understanding of biological cellular functions. However, detecting PPIs in the laboratories are both time-consuming and ...expensive. For this reason, there has been much recent effort to develop techniques for computational prediction of PPIs as this can complement laboratory procedures and provide an inexpensive way of predicting the most likely set of interactions at the entire proteome scale. Although much progress has already been achieved in this direction, the problem is still far from being solved. More effective approaches are still required to overcome the limitations of the current ones. In this study, a novel Multi-scale Local Descriptor (MLD) feature representation scheme is proposed to extract features from a protein sequence. This scheme can capture multi-scale local information by varying the length of protein-sequence segments. Based on the MLD, an ensemble learning method, the Random Forest (RF) method, is used as classifier. The MLD feature representation scheme facilitates the mining of interaction information from multi-scale continuous amino acid segments, making it easier to capture multiple overlapping continuous binding patterns within a protein sequence. When the proposed method is tested with the PPI data of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it achieves a prediction accuracy of 94.72% with 94.34% sensitivity at the precision of 98.91%. Extensive experiments are performed to compare our method with existing sequence-based method. Experimental results show that the performance of our predictor is better than several other state-of-the-art predictors also with the H. pylori dataset. The reason why such good results are achieved can largely be credited to the learning capabilities of the RF model and the novel MLD feature representation scheme. The experiment results show that the proposed approach can be very promising for predicting PPIs and can be a useful tool for future proteomic studies.
This book reviews research on elementary & middle schools students' historical thinking.Grounded in the theoretical context of mediated action,it addresses the breadth of social practices, settings, ...purposes & tools that influence students.
Many forms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) can progress to extensive fibrosis and respiratory failure. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which generally has a poor prognosis, has been ...thoroughly studied over the past two decades, and many important discoveries have been made that pertain to genetic predisposition, epidemiology, disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Additionally, non-IPF forms of ILD can have radiologic and histopathologic manifestations that mimic IPF, and making an accurate diagnosis is key to providing personalized medicine to patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Areas covered: This manuscript discusses current knowledge pertaining to the genetics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis with an emphasis on IPF. The material upon which this discussion is based was obtained from various published texts and manuscripts identified via literature searching (e.g. PubMed). Expert commentary: Many genetic variants have been identified that are associated with risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis, and an improved understanding of the influence of both genomic and epigenomic factors in the development of pulmonary fibrosis is rapidly evolving. Because many forms of fibrosing ILD can have similar radiologic and histopathologic patterns yet have different responses to therapeutic interventions, making an accurate diagnosis of specific forms of pulmonary fibrosis is increasingly important.
Highlights • The arrival of Zika virus in America has generated a lot of awareness in social media due to the algorithmic increase in the spread of the disease and its concerning complications. • ...Accurate & credible dissemination of correct information about the arbovirus could help in decreasing the pandemic spread and associated apprehension in the population. • Our study examined the effective use of the social media site Facebook as an information source for the Zika virus pandemic. • We found that the misleading posts were far more popular than the posts dispersing accurate relevant public health information about the disease.
Although survival after lung transplantation has improved significantly during the last decade, chronic rejection is thought to be the major cause of late mortality. The physiologic hallmark of ...chronic rejection has been a persistent fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second associated with an obstructive ventilatory defect, for which the term bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) was defined to allow a uniformity of description and grading of severity throughout the world. Although BOS was generally thought to be irreversible, recent evidence suggests that some patients with BOS may respond to azithromycin with > 10% improvement in their forced expiratory volume in 1 second. In addition, a restrictive form of chronic rejection has recently been described that does not fit the strict definition of BOS as an obstructive defect. Hence, the term chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) has been introduced to cover all forms of graft dysfunction, but CLAD has yet to be defined. We propose a definition of CLAD and a flow chart that may facilitate recognition of the different phenotypes of CLAD that can complicate the clinical course of lung transplant recipients.
Abstract
We report on Bayesian estimation of the radius, mass, and hot surface regions of the massive millisecond pulsar PSR J0740+6620, conditional on pulse-profile modeling of Neutron Star Interior ...Composition Explorer X-ray Timing Instrument event data. We condition on informative pulsar mass, distance, and orbital inclination priors derived from the joint North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves and Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment/Pulsar wideband radio timing measurements of Fonseca et al. We use XMM-Newton European Photon Imaging Camera spectroscopic event data to inform our X-ray likelihood function. The prior support of the pulsar radius is truncated at 16 km to ensure coverage of current dense matter models. We assume conservative priors on instrument calibration uncertainty. We constrain the equatorial radius and mass of PSR J0740+6620 to be
12.39
−
0.98
+
1.30
km and
2.072
−
0.066
+
0.067
M
⊙
respectively, each reported as the posterior credible interval bounded by the 16% and 84% quantiles, conditional on surface hot regions that are non-overlapping spherical caps of fully ionized hydrogen atmosphere with uniform effective temperature; a posteriori, the temperature is
log
10
(
T
K
)
=
5.99
−
0.06
+
0.05
for each hot region. All software for the X-ray modeling framework is open-source and all data, model, and sample information is publicly available, including analysis notebooks and model modules in the Python language. Our marginal likelihood function of mass and equatorial radius is proportional to the marginal joint posterior density of those parameters (within the prior support) and can thus be computed from the posterior samples.
The global epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) reflects each nation's unique genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics. The response to ESKD, particularly ...regarding kidney replacement therapy (KRT), depends on local disease burden, culture, and socioeconomics. Here, we explore geographic variation and global trends in ESKD incidence and prevalence and examine variations in KRT modality, practice patterns, and mortality. We conclude with a discussion on disparities in access to KRT and strategies to reduce ESKD global burden and to improve access to treatment in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
From 2003 to 2016, incidence rates of treated ESKD were relatively stable in many higher income countries but rose substantially predominantly in East and Southeast Asia. The prevalence of treated ESKD has increased worldwide, likely due to improving ESKD survival, population demographic shifts, higher prevalence of ESKD risk factors, and increasing KRT access in countries with growing economies. Unadjusted 5-year survival of ESKD patients on KRT was 41% in the USA, 48% in Europe, and 60% in Japan. Dialysis is the predominant KRT in most countries, with hemodialysis being the most common modality. Variations in dialysis practice patterns account for some of the differences in survival outcomes globally. Worldwide, there is a greater prevalence of KRT at higher income levels, and the number of people who die prematurely because of lack of KRT access is estimated at up to 3 times higher than the number who receive treatment. Key Messages: Many people worldwide in need of KRT as a life-sustaining treatment do not receive it, mostly in LMICs where health care resources are severely limited. This large treatment gap demands a focus on population-based prevention strategies and development of affordable and cost-effective KRT. Achieving global equity in KRT access will require concerted efforts in advocating effective public policy, health care delivery, workforce capacity, education, research, and support from the government, private sector, nongovernmental, and professional organizations.
Nitrogen-containing compounds are the most common structural architectures in drug candidates, natural and biological products, and small-molecule therapeutics. Within the body of work of ...transition-metal-catalyzed direct C–H amination reactions, palladium remains in the forefront and has been established as one of the most useful transition metals for C–N bond formation. The fundamental organometallic reactivity of palladium in its 0, I, II, III, and IV oxidation states make it special and useful in challenging carbon–heteroatom bond-formation reactions. Palladium undergoes facile formation of chelation-assisted palladacycle and palladium-nitrenoid intermediates that open an avenue for new bond formation. It has been utilized in various new synthetic approaches toward both intermolecular and intramolecular C–N bond formation reactions that employ nitrogen sources ranging from free, unprotected amines to electrophilic nitrogen sources. Palladium’s compatibility with various functional groups and oxidants as well as the mild reaction conditions (temperature and air atmosphere) used with this metal have attracted many scientists to the area and will continue to advance new mechanistic insights and opportunities to explore palladium catalysis for C–N bond synthesis. Here, we summarize the progress of Pd-catalyzed C–N bond advances involving both the reaction development and mechanisms in numerous synthetically useful intra- and intermolecular C–H catalytic aminations.
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