High-energetic gamma rays from astrophysical targets constitute a unique probe for annihilation or decay of heavy particle dark matter (DM). After several decades, diverse null detections have ...resulted in strong constraints for DM particle masses up to the TeV scale. While the gamma-ray signature is expected to be universal from various targets, uncertainties of astrophysical origin strongly affect and weaken the limits. At the same time, spurious signals may originate from non-DM related processes. The many gamma-ray targets in the extragalactic sky being searched for DM play a crucial role to keep these uncertainties under control and to ultimately achieve an unambiguous DM detection. Lately, a large progress has been made in combined analyses of TeV DM candidates towards different targets by using data from various instruments and over a wide range of gamma-ray energies. These approaches not only resulted in an optimal exploitation of existing data and an improved sensitivity, but also helped to level out target- and instrument-related uncertainties. This review gathers all searches in the extragalactic sky performed so far with the space-borne Fermi-Large Area Telescope, the ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, and the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-Ray Observatory (HAWC). We discuss the different target classes and provide a complete list of all analyses so far.
High energy photons from astrophysical sources are unique probes for some predictions of candidate theories of Quantum Gravity (QG). In particular, Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope (IACTs) are ...instruments optimised for astronomical observations in the energy range spanning from a few tens of GeV to ∼100 TeV, which makes them excellent instruments to search for effects of QG. In this article, we will review QG effects which can be tested with IACTs, most notably the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) and its consequences. It is often represented and modelled with photon dispersion relation modified by introducing energy-dependent terms. We will describe the analysis methods employed in the different studies, allowing for careful discussion and comparison of the results obtained with IACTs for more than two decades. Loosely following historical development of the field, we will observe how the analysis methods were refined and improved over time, and analyse why some studies were more sensitive than others. Finally, we will discuss the future of the field, presenting ideas for improving the analysis sensitivity and directions in which the research could develop.
Abstract
Gamma-ray astronomy has become one of the main experimental ways to test the modified dispersion relations (MDRs) of photons in vacuum, obtained in some attempts to formulate a theory of ...quantum gravity. The MDRs in use imply time delays that depend on the energy and that increase with distance following some function of redshift. The use of transient, or variable, distant and highly energetic sources already allows us to set stringent limits on the energy scale related to this phenomenon, usually thought to be of the order of the Planck energy, but robust conclusions on the existence of MDR-related propagation effects still require the analysis of a large population of sources. In order to gather the biggest sample of sources possible for MDR searches at teraelectronvolt energies, the H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS collaborations enacted a joint task force to combine all their relevant data to constrain the quantum gravity energy scale. In the present article, the likelihood method used to combine the data and provide a common limit is described in detail and tested through simulations of recorded data sets for a gamma-ray burst, three flaring active galactic nuclei, and two pulsars. Statistical and systematic errors are assessed and included in the likelihood as nuisance parameters. In addition, a comparison of two different formalisms for distance dependence of the time lags is performed for the first time. In a second article, to appear later, the method will be applied to all relevant data from the three experiments.
Abstract
We present a search for dark matter spectral lines in the Galactic Centre (GC) region with the MAGIC telescopes. The MAGIC telescopes, located on the Canary island of La Palma (Spain), are ...sensitive to photons in the energy range from 50 GeV to 50 TeV with low zenith angle observations. MAGIC has performed indirect dark matter searches with various astrophysical targets. Since the MAGIC telescopes are located in the northern hemisphere, the GC is visible only at high zenith angles. Observations at high zenith angles significantly increase the telescopes’ effective collection area, which boosts sensitivity for gamma rays in the TeV regime. We report the results obtained with more than 200 hours of high zenith angle observations of the GC region with MAGIC.
Abstract
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are ideal targets for Dark Matter (DM) indirect searches due to their high DM content and their negligible expected astrophysical background. In this ...presentation, we report on the combined analysis of the observations of 20 dSphs by
Fermi
-LAT, HAWC, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS collaborations in the search for DM, focusing on the Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) scenario. The combined analysis allows us to maximize the sensitivity by combining individual data sets from all five experiments for which the energy ranges of the search overlap. New constraints, spanning a range of DM masses from 5 GeV to 100 TeV, on the velocity-weighted cross section for DM self annihilation will be presented.
Le réseau de télescopes H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic System) permet de détecter des particules du rayonnement cosmique (astroparticules) par l'émission de lumière Cherenkov émise par les ...particules secondaires résultant de l'interaction d'une particule primaire dans l'atmosphère terrestre. Outre la détection et l'étude de sources astrophysiques qui émettent des rayons gamma, H.E.S.S. permet d'étudier les différentes émissions diffuses du rayonnement cosmique. L'intérêt de ces émissions diffuses dans la compréhension de l'origine et la propagation des rayons cosmiques ainsi que la possibilité d'y détecter un signal de matière noire est rappelé dans ce manuscrit. Après une présentation de l'expérience H.E.S.S., la possible amélioration de la discrimination entre les rayons gamma et les électrons avec H.E.S.S. est discutée. En particulier, la possibilité de détecter le rayonnement Cherenkov direct émis par les électrons primaires du rayonnement cosmique au contraire des rayons gamma est abordée. Ensuite, une méthode de discrimination basée sur une comparaison à l'aide d'un maximum de vraisemblance entre des images enregistrées par les caméras des télescopes et des images issues d'un modèle semi-analytique est utilisée afin d'obtenir une reconstruction spectrale des électrons et des positrons du rayonnement cosmique avec les données de H.E.S.S. Cette mesure permet pour la première fois d'étendre la détermination du spectre en énergie des électrons et des positrons du rayonnement cosmique jusqu'à 20 TeV.
The telescope array H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic System) allows to detect cosmic ray particles with the Cherenkov light that is emitted by the secondary particles resulting of the interaction of the primary particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. Besides the detection and the study of astrophysical sources that emit rays, H.E.S.S. allows to study the different diffuse emissions that compose the cosmic rays. The interest of these diffuse emissions for the comprehension of the origin and the propagation of cosmic rays as well as the chance that they conduct to the detection of a dark matter signal is recalled in this manuscript. Following a presentation of the H.E.S.S. experiment, the possible improvment of the discrimination between rays and electrons with H.E.S.S. is discussed. Especially, the possibility of detecting direct Cherenkov light emitted by primary cosmic ray electrons but not by primary rays is addressed. Then, a discriminating method based on a log-likelihood comparison between recorded images and template images from a semi-analytical model is used to obtain a spectral reconstruction of the cosmic ray electrons and positrons with H.E.S.S. data. This measurement allows for the first time to establish the shape of the energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons and positrons up to20 TeV.
High-energetic gamma rays from astrophysical targets constitute a unique probe for annihilation or decay of heavy particle dark matter (DM). After several decades, diverse null detections have ...resulted in strong constraints for DM particle masses up to the TeV scale. While the gamma-ray signature is expected to be universal from various targets, uncertainties of astrophysical origin strongly affect and weaken the limits. At the same time, spurious signals may originate from non-DM related processes. The many gamma-ray targets in the extragalactic sky being searched for DM play a crucial role to keep these uncertainties under control and to ultimately achieve an unambiguous DM detection. Lately, a large progress has been made in combined analyses of TeV DM candidates towards different targets by using data from various instruments and over a wide range of gamma-ray energies. These approaches not only resulted in an optimal exploitation of existing data and an improved sensitivity, but also helped to level out target- and instrument-related uncertainties. This review gathers all searches in the extragalactic sky performed so far with the space-borne Fermi-Large Area Telescope, the ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, and the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-Ray Observatory (HAWC). We discuss the different target classes and provide a complete list of all analyses so far.
The search for Dark Matter (DM) has great potential to reveal physics beyond the Standard Model. As such, searches for evidence of DM particles are being carried out using a wide range of techniques, ...such as direct searches for DM particles, searches for DM produced with colliders, and indirect searches for the Standard Model annihilation products of DM. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are excellent targets for indirect Dark Matter searches due to their relatively high DM content and negligible expected astrophysical background. A collaboration was formed to maximise the sensitivity of DM searches towards dSphs by combining for the first time dSph data from three imaging air Cherenkov telescope (IACT) arrays: HESS, MAGIC, and VERITAS; the Fermi-LAT satellite, and the water Cherenkov detector HAWC. Due to the diverse nature of the instruments involved, each experiment will analyse their individual datasets from multiple targets and then the results will be combined at the likelihood level. For consistency of the likelihoods across the five experiments, a common approach is used to treat the astrophysical factor (J-Factor) for each target and an agreed set of annihilation channels are considered. We also agree on a com- mon statistical approach and treatment of instrumental systematic uncertainties. The results are presented in terms of constraints on the velocity-weighted cross section for DM self-annihilation as a function of the DM particle mass.
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